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- people's

TORONTO (CP) — What makes people happy?

Satisfacton and happiness are determined mostly by three gaps that we see in our lives, says Alex Michalos, a University of Guelph pro. fess’ vho surveyed more than 18,000 undergraduate students at 65 universities in 41 countries.

There is the gap between what neople have and what they want; what they have and what they think their neighbors have; and what they have now and what they had in the past, the survey suggests.

What's more, happiness gaps may sometimes differ for men and women.

When it comes to happi ness with life as a whole, men are influenced primarily by comparisons to others be. cause they have been taught to be more competitive than women, says Michalos, a social sciences and _philo sophy professor.

Women, on the other hand, don't have as great a desire to keep up with the Joneses, he says. They're mainly influenced by comparisons “with their own best prev- ious experience.”

THEORY NOT NEW

Michalos says the Multiple Discrepancies Theory — that satisfaction and happiness are caused by several per. ceived discrepancies, or gaps — is not new.

But this is believed to be the first time survey re. search has been used to test the theory in so many coun tries.

The $45,000 survey, which began in 1984 at the Uni versity of Guelph, was fund ed by the university, the Social Sciences and Human ities Research Council, the Canadian commission for UNESCO and Michalos him. self.

Michalos says his ques tionnaire, translated into 20 languages, was designed to explain satisfaction in 12 areas: health, finances, fam. ily relations, job, friendships, housing, living partner or spouse, recreation activity, religion, self-esteem, trans portation and education.

Michalos says he was sur prised to discover that satisfaction with their mates also had to do with comparisons with others.

“People's satisfaction with a living partner was pri marily a function of how well they were doing with their living partner, compared to how well they thought their neighbors were doing,” he says.

He says happiness comes partly from achieving realiz- able goals.

CALGARY (CP) — Years of agony should have taught him it was a hopeless cause, Still, Steve Moore fought each migraine until the pressure in his head made him scream.

He'd resist giving in to the pain, putting off the inevitable trip to the hospital for the drugs that would relieve his suffering.

It was the worst thing he could have done, says Dr. Donald Baka).

“This struggle is very tiring and discouraging and cannot be won,” says Bakal, a psychologist who has studied chronic headache sufferers for nearly 15 years.

Bakal is convinced that most people are like Moore, doing the opposite of what they should to alleviate their suffering.

“They will try to avoid thé pain,” he said, leaning back in his office at Foothills Hospital in Calgary. “The pain itself causes these individuals to almost adopt a kind of tightness within themselves, what we call a bracing kind of response.”

ALWAYS HEADACHE

Moore hasn't had a migraine attack in the year he has been counselled by Bakal. But Moore still suffers from a continuous headache; he can't remember for sure, but he thinks the last time he didn’t have a headache was more than 10 years ago. (Migraine is a specific, severe form of headache often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light.)

Moore is working with Bakal to try to identify the reason for the headache — what there is about his psychological makeup that makes him susceptible to this problem.

Even people who suffer only the occasional headache try to push on despite the pain. They don't want to be wimps, said Bakal.

But that taxes the body, raising tension levels. The sufferer may make it through that meeting or class or dinner party, but when he or she eventually relaxes — wham! — the pent-up pain, heightened by the increased stress, comes on with a vengeance.

Bakal says that by continually bracing themselves against pain, chronic headache sufferers can, over time, develop a constant headache.

SEEK HELP

By the time they consult him, most of Bakal's patients have spent years in a fruitless search for a physical cause for the pain — seeing doctors, dentists, physiotherapists, allergists, neurosurgeons and acupuncturists.

Many have a hard time admitting that they — not their diet or other factor — might be responsible for their problems, Bakal says.

“It implies personal responsibility, The majority of people we see reject the i} ion that their head are due to stress. They will argue that the stress is the result of the headache, rather than the reverse.”

Bakal teaches his patients to use relaxation therapy and bio-feedback — developing an ability to focus on specific muscles or parts of the body — to sense the headaches coming and to avert them.

SHOULD RELAX

Bakal urges patients not to fight the pain, but to relax. Lie town, go for a walk, take a warm bath — whatever works to give an overcharged system a chance to unwind.

Pain-relievers may be taken, but they should be combined with an effort to relax — not just used to mask the symptoms, he says.

Busy professional schedules don't leave much time for midday baths, so Bakal teaches his patients subtler ways of relaxing as well. He tells them to learn to detect tension in their bodies and to work it out — a sort of mental message.

But learning to notice and dispel tension isn't that simple.

“You can't simply tell someone who's had tightness within their system for 20, 25 years to relax and all will be well,” Bakal says. “They will mentally relax, but physically their system will be as tight as it was before.”

Judith, an executive in her 40s, agrees. A migraine

DISPOSABLE CONTACTS

New lenses here soon

TORONTO (CP) — A dis- posable contact lens that can be worn for a week {and then pitched in the wastebasket will soon allow Canadian users to do away with the regimen of cleaning and disinfecting.

Acuvue lenses, which makes Johnson and Johnson say are the first disposable contacts on the market, will soon go on sale in British Columbia and should be available across Canada by the end of the year, says the product's Canadian distribu tor.

Sam Nisenboim, president of Plastic Contact Lens Co., said in an interview the company recommends that most wearers keep the lenses in their eyes a maximum of seven days before discarding them and replacing them with a new pair.

However, some people with low buildup of such materials as calcium, lipids and proteins — which are secreted by tears and coat the lenses — may be able to go as long as 14 days before inserting a new pair, he said.

Conventional extended- wear lenses must be taken out at least every seven days

moved and may begin irri- tating the eyes.

As well, up to 30 per cent of lens wearers develop sen- sitivities to the chemicals in cleaning solutions, and some are forced to stop using the lenses, the said.

NEEDS NO CHEMICALS

“By disposing of the lenses after seven days, you're creating a solution to the solution problem,” Nis- enboim said, adding that they are ideal for travellers who will not have to pack bottles of sterilizing fluids.

Johnson and Johnson, which spent about $100 mil- lion developing the dispos- able lenses, recently an- nounced their introduction to Canada.

The lenses, sold in six- packs, are suitable for about 80 per cent of near-sighted lens wearers with low astig- matism, but have not yet been developed for far- sighted patients.

Nisenboim said eye spec- ialists who tested the dis- posable lenses were initially concerned that patients would continue wearing them long past the recommended seven to 14 days and might

last two years if well-cared for.

But Nisenboim said the disposables have the advant- age of convenience and eye safety and health. Some ex- tended-wear users have de- veloped infections, ulcerated corneas and increased blood vessel growth — causing red-looking eyes — because buildup on the lenses has re- duced the amount of oxygen available to the cornea.

“That's not a factor with disposable lenses,” he said. Dr. Brian Levy, a Toronto optometrist who has tested the lenses on patients, said he believes the disposable lenses offer improved “ocular health, safety and conven jience” over extended-wear contact lenses. | BLUE LAKE SUMMER CAMP APPLICATIONS

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develop infections or corneal irritation.

But he said the doctors reported that few of the 10,000 patients tested did not follow the prescribed wear. ing period.

“They're not any more dangerous than present-day lenses,” he said. “In three or four weeks, they would be- come so coated (without cleaning), a patient wouldn't be able to see properly.”

Although they are not in- tended to be cleaned and reused, Nisenboim said the disposables could be ster. ilized and used again in an emergency.

COST COMPARABLE

Nisenboim would not give a price for the lenses, saying the cost will vary from prac. titioner to practitioner, but he estimated it|at about $10 a week, or about $520 a year. That would be comparable to purchasing and paying the cost of upkeep for a pair of conventional extended-wear lenses, he said.

However, when the lenses were introduced to the U.S. market last July, ophthal- mologists pointed out that extended-wear lenses will

sei. Cast News _o Experts say avoid headaches

sufferer for years, she consulted -Bakal after experiencing extensive and prolonged numbness in the face and arms following a severe migraine. “I thought if I ignored it, it would just go away,” explains Judith, who didn't want her real name used. “My biggest fear was that by thinking about it, | might turn into a hypochondriac.”

She admits it was difficult to learn to follow Bakal’s

approach. “At first I found it frustrating,” Judith says, explaining she feels that way about “anything I can't learn in 10 minutes.” HOOK TO METER

That's where the bio-feedback comes in. Hooking patients to a meter that shows the level of muscle activity in, for example, a forearm, can help teach a person who has been tense for years the difference between stress and relaxation.

Bakal acknowledges that doctors now doubt bio-feed. back can give patients all the self-control that was once believed,” but “we can still use this equipment to get people back in touch with their bodies.”

Other doctors use similar techniques, though often with less emphasis on d g bodily , he says.

He is candid about ‘how much he can do for chronic sufferers, admitting “we won't make them headache-free.” But the techniques can “eut down in a major way their susceptibility as well as the severity of the pain.

“Even if we don't cure them in that magical sense, we keep giving them hope that they will slowly learn to self-regulate this problem.”

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appointed by premier

. clected by people

©. appointed by council

d. chosen by mayor

3. How are directors chosen in

420 5. _In the case of directors from is it always the

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Government awareness week

government

. taxation

d. transfers from other govern- ments

e. 3.C. Hydro taxation

16. Although the list of electors (voting list) closes on August 31 of each year, can a person register and be allowed to vote on election day?

a only if they are a property owner

b. no — not ever

¢ not as long as he doesn’t own Property

4. no

9. How does a person get their ame on a regional district or municipal voters list?

a. be on a federal voters’ list

b. be on a provincial voters” lis

©. regisies at your municipal or regional district office,

d. all of the above

10. How long must a person reside in B.C. before he can vote in a municipal or regional district election’

6 months

b. 12 months

¢. 18 months

. 24 months if they do not own

€. mo — unless they are out of country on election day

d. yes

17. What are the requirements to be nominated to run for mayor, al deman, or regional district direc

"pom Soe prtpariy on aee

b. you must be on the voters list

€ you must be a Canadian citizen

d. all of the above

Property

Tl. How long must a person reside im his voting area before being allowed to vow?

24 months if he does not own

Property

b. 6 months is he does not own Property . For

€. 30 days if ones spouse is on juniors up to the vovers list and including 4. 3 months if on the voters list

12 When do the rules of residency not apply?

1 if you have voted in a previous election

b. when you are a non-resident

¢. iff you vote by absentee ballot

@. if you are married and your spouse has voted previously

13. Municipalities and regional districts are responsible to which of

i TEST YOUR

kicks ofi KNOWLEDGE 18. How many readings of a by- OF LOCAL

one Tet Before epson? GOVERNMENT

b.two In this word search

Arse puzzle, all the words are

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words you find. They may

be read forward, backward, up, down, or diagonally. When you have circled all the words from the list, the remaining letters spell out every citizen's duty.For kids from Grade 5 through Grade 8.

‘The words io look for are:

ski hills

television

water systems

arenas

‘economic development

house numbering

ly if you are a propery

owner

d. only if you are on the voters list

20. Regional Districts were Creaed ‘0:

& provide services to outlying areas

b. provide joint services between municipalities and outlying areas

¢. all of the above

4. none of the above.

swimming pools untidy premises cemetary dyking

grants

insect control planning regional park

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Local Government Awareness Week ENT! RY FORM

ehhce at 601 Yona treet in Ne NAME

ADDRESS oar

TEL. NO.

winners. Mail or drop off

for the egfonal Dis Diswrie of Central Kootenay

Signature