CASTLEGAR NEWS, Thursday, December 9, 1976

Were Born of Need and Ingenuity

Picturesque Cariboo Fences of Pioneer Times

Snake-Rail Fence in the Cariboo
—British Columbia Government Photos

Canada Council Buys Canadian Books

joan MacKenrle

“It's the best darn fence
ever invented!”

That's a cowboy’s endorse-
ment of the’ picturesque ‘west
ern log fence. Simple to bulld
and casy to maintain, log fences
were used from the  earllest
pioneer times, ‘e

Even today, many ancient

* specimens, split with the heat

of a hundred summers. and
crusted with pale lichen, can be
seen along the highways and
the dusty byways of British
Columbia's Cariboo country.

In those far-off, days, the
backwoods of British Columbia
contained few nails and ‘little
wire, Fences were built out of
the one materia! available to
the settlers—wood.

The type of fences. that
developed—born of need and
ingenulty—were subject to the
amount of wood available and
the requirements of the terrain.

Rangeland is turned over

.to cattle because it is rocky soil
and generally unsuited to eulti-
vation. It is equally unsuitable
for the digging of fence post!
holes. The leg fences, 80 dear to
the ‘cowpoke’s heart, ‘were
cherished because they were
constructed above ground, re-
quiring no post-holes.

With minor variations, ac-
cording to the whim of the
builder, four styles of these log
fences developed.

The neatest and sturdiest
of them was put together like a
loosely-built cabin. ‘A log sec-
tion—four or five logs high—

| rested on and was supported by

a much shorter joint section,
placed at right angles. Made
with large logs utilized from
land clearing projects, as many
of the early fences were, this
type of fence formed a solid
barrier that would daunt the
most “ornery critter”.

‘The snake-rail fence, which
zig-zags across much of the

Purchased for Free Distribution

The Canada Council has
bought 106,000 books by Cana-
‘dian authors for free distribu: .
‘tion to organizations in Canada .
“and abroad.

The books, packaged in:
‘kits of 200 volumes each; will be
“sent to organizations that apply
to the council before Jan BL:

“ble to the public.

1977. To be eligible, applicants
must be Canadian associations,

institutions or groups that lack
iunds. to buy. books but have
facilities to make books availa-

Recipients in, past “years.
have included school libraries in
remote areas, golden age clubs,

Exclusive to Castlegar Custom Upholstery arels
The Complete line of

DOVE FURNITURE

* Modern Styling
*& Chesterfields
* Chairs .

& Loveseats -
* Footstools

* Coffee Tables

Castlegar Custom Upholstery

Across from the Castle Theatre 365-5636

‘hospitals, community resource
centres, inner city missions and
prison

The Dep artment..of Ex-
‘ternal "attaire handles distribu-
tion outside Canada to uni-
versities, cultural centres and
other institutions. The council
spends some $600,000 a year on
the book kit program.

‘The books this year were
chosen by the council's selec-
tion committees from the re-
cent, catalogs of 75 Canadian
publishers in English, 45 in
French. A total of 670 titles
were selected—950 in French
and 820. in English.

Recipients of book - kits
havea choice of an all-French or.
an all-English kit of 200 titles,
ora mired “ of 100 books in
each

the Mist of titles includes
literary works such as novels
and short stories, collections of

Use of Estrogen

No Help to

Estrogen works no better-

than a placebo drug in helping:

menopatisal women, according .

to a new study by doctors.
Of 29 menopausal women
with evidence of estrogen defi-
ciency. in, a University of
Toronto study, only three felt
that there was any difference
between the estrogen and the
+ placebo in helping to improve
their sense of well-being, ac-

poetry and essays, and works of
general interest in fields such
as history, . the. arts, ,, photo-
graphy, and environméntal and
social issues.

Books by the well-known
authors Margaret Atwood,
Robertson Davies, Gabrielle
Roy, Farley Mowatt,- Yves
‘Theriault and Ann Hebert are
included ed ane the selections
this ye

The. ‘counell urges. Brovre

Cariboo rangeland, is a lighter”

version of tho tog fence. Its.

sectlons—of equal length—join
together at'a wide angle, which
senda tho fence off on a meand-
ering course, like the trail of a
Saturday night cowboy atag-
gering hopefully in the general
direction of the home ranch,

‘Though existing fences are
repaired and kept’ up. by
modern ranchers, a snake-rail is
seldom built today. Its. wan-
dering atyle is too wasteful of
valuable timber at present-day
prices.

‘The Russell fence, a favor-
ite of artists and photo-

phers, was a more economl-
cal design, Its distinctive, tip!-
like joints -were formed by
three logs or split rails which
came together in a peak to
support the top rail, They weight
of the lower rails, ‘generally
suspended by Wire, held the
fence steady.

The fourth style, the
Stake-and-Rider fence, was

moro rarely used. Its pole rails,
set parallel at an angle of about
20 degrees, rested with one vend

on the ground and the other at.

the apex of two crossed stakes,
On the ranches, post’ and
rail construction was generally:

confined to the building of
corrals, cattle chutes and hold-*
ing pens. But\in’ the’ farming}

areas of the Cariboo, post and:
rail was the favorite fencing.

‘There, In loamy’ soll, dig.”
ging post-holes was easier and:

the farmers

Castlegar - Trail to sean: Wash,
beret ~ Friday — Non’ stop Service except
US, Holidays’)

Departs from Castlegar 10:10 a.m.
\ Arrives in Spokane 10:55 ‘a.m,

rts from ‘Spokene 1:30 p.m.
rei In Casilegar 2:15 p.m.’

FOR | RESERVATIONS CALL

1, MOAN
624-1295,

a
atraight-line fence for close
plowing. -

(> In'later years, when nails
and barbed wire were plentiful,

more mundane © fencing < ap-.

peared., ‘Today, these often
stpplant ‘the ploneer styles that

tll speak silently of the men;
who came with'an axe, a saw,:

and'a bit of wire, to tame a
sprawling wilderness, :
(This Roam at'Home arti-
cle is one of a series provided
by Tourism British Columbia.)

John Clifford McWhirter
Service Held at Slocan-

Funeral services for John
Clifford McWhirter of Slocan,
who died in the Kootenay Lake
District Hospital on Nov. . 80,
‘aged 65 years, .were held
at St. Andrew's Presbyterian
Church, Slocan, Saturday after-
noon,

Mr. McWhirter was born

“at Castor, Alta. on~Nov. 13,

1911. He received his schooling
in Timmons, Ont., where his
family had moveil when he was
two years old.

Alter finishing school, he
worked as a miner there in the
Hollinger Mine. Moving. to
British Columbia in 1935, he
worked in various B.C. mines,
before being employed by Co-
minco in the Sullivan Mine at

Kimberley during the war_

years.

He later moved to Fau-
quier, and farmed until moving
to Slocan in 1961, where he had
been employed by Triangle
Pacific Logging Company in the
sawmill, ‘

He is survived by his wife,
the ‘former Margaret -Palen-
dine, whom he’ married at
Nelson; two, sons, Gary~ of

Slocan and Neil of New Hazel-

ton, B.C.; two daughters, Mrs.

R. A..(Wendy) MacKenzie: of:

‘Trail and Mra. John (Dorothy)
Berarducci of New Hazleton,
B.C; three brothers, Richard
and Reg of Timmins, Ont. and
George ‘of Abbotsford; four
sisters, Mra. J. R. Jupp, Mrs.

Edna Tremblay, and: Mrs.

‘of Logan Lake, B.C.; and four
grandchildren.

The hymns, Unto the Hills
Around and The Lord Is My
Shepherd, were sung with Mrs.
Nancy Cooley as the organist.

Pallbearers were: Richard

MacKenzie, Fred Turner, Don-

ald Kemp, John Patterson,
Winston Storgard and Richard
MeWhirter.

Rev. Calvin’ Brown of-
ficlated and interment took
place in the Slocan Cemetery.

B.C. Cabinet is Lobbied
To Give Aid to Industry

‘The B.C. Cabinet has been
appealed to for aid in support of

fosiuge book kit to write i
its Writing and Publication
Section in Ottawa as soon as
possible for application forms.

Organizations that have
received kits in the past may
apply again. Forms must be re-
turned to the council by Jan. 81,
1977. The address in Ottawa ist
Writing and Publication

Section, The Canada Council, -

Box 1047, Ottawa KIP 5V8,

Menopause

cording to reproductive endo-
crinologist Dr. Ronald C.
Strickler
Dr. Strickler said he was
not trying to negate estrogen
deficiency as a threat to the
health and activity of the aging
woman—but he could not see a
‘cause and effect relationship
between estrogen decline and
f of

faltering in West
Kootenay. =

Premier Bill Bennett and
his cabinet of 16 ministers were
at Trail recently, and heard a
brief from the Kootenay In-
dustrial Development Associa-
tion.

Although only 10 minutes
were allowed to the KIDA
representatives, they said after
the meeting that their main
points of concern had been
presented to the cabinet.

The bankruptcy of Care-
free Design and the precarious

~ situation of Quadra Industries

were the focus of spokesman
Mayor. Isidor Muzzin’s report.
He’ asked the government to
prod the B.C. ‘Development

Corporation into . granting

financial assistance to the’
failing industries, or that they
be bought outright.

“Prodding is something we
are very careful to avoid,”
Premier Bennett said, “when it
comes to the operations of
Crown

Attorney, general Garde

comfort In your home.

you CN
CONSERVE
ENERGY

and SAVE

In these days of rising energy costs conservation of
energy makes sense. You can easily reduce energy
consumption In your home through use of practical in-
sulating techniques. These will not only save you money
on fuel bills but will also give you and your family greater

To assist you to Conserve Energy we recommend that you
the book ‘Keeping the Heat In”, produced by the
Federal Office of Energy Conservation. It Is avaliable

send for
without charge.
WRITE TO:

“Keeping the Heat In”
Box 900, Westmount rata Station,
Montreal, Quebec, H3Z

west kootenay power

Also available at District Offices of West Kootenay Power

om to the dele-
gation that it seek ‘ederal aid
through the Department of
Regional Economic Expansion.

A KIDA spokesman re-
plied that problems have been
encountered with obtaining aid
through _DREE, adding the
group preferred to deal with

‘the rovinee ‘on transportation.

<)) Mayor Muzzin and his dele-

gation were allowed only 10
minutes with the cabinet. They
had expected a half hour and
‘were scheduled for 15 minutes.
Fifteen “other delegations
were heard for similar lengths
of time by the cabinet on its
whirlwind tour of major In-
terior. communities,

Premier Bennett made the
assurance that cities which
were not visited will be first on
the list when the cabinet makes
its next tour.

on $180 se a8 Sa
veo on ed ove

For brochure and reservations write:

THE MAYFAIR HOTEL

SV BL. VEZ w

‘Bilent Night,

SONG SHEETS

are available FREE from

CEREMONY, held recently at the Kinnaird Hall,
bas resulted in seven new members for the Ist Kinnaird Beaver
Colm. Th ey age ever ae buck ro, lef ight Ale

Campbell, Bobby Dickson, Kelly G;

vite, Mark Streloff,

for the ceremony at
scarves.

D Mekeal Porter aad las Ferrel we Hebert IN La forenoon
+ Missing from the photo is Marty Hall. Parents were in attendance
at which the sett) received their. toggies and

Kinnaird Beaver Kael Photo

Although the development.
of effective vaccines has re-
duced the occurrence of dis-
eases as diphtheria, pertussis,
tetanus, and polio to a fraction
of their former magnitude, the
levels of immunization have

‘declined to a point where

possible outbreaks of shea
diseases once again’ pose

threat to Canada’s S health, 3 its
Metropolitan Life.

To help prevent such out-
breaks, Metropolitan's Health
and Welfare , Division an-
nounced it is offering to the
public a 12page booklet on
immunization, free of charge. It
explains ‘the importance of
early immunizations and gives
a suggested schedule.

Accomprehensive chart"de-”
the cém=**

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Artistic Design. Superb
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MIDVALLEY SHOPPING

Slocan Park

Levels of Immunization Have Dectined

hood. Space for keeping chil.”
dren's immunization records is
included.

‘Although diphtheria, tet-
anus, and pertussis protection
is recommended during the
first year of life, it is estimated
only three-quarters of the chil-
dren in the 1-4 age group have
been immunized.

The level of protection
against polio has been decreas-
ing for the past 10 years. It is
estimated that only about two-
thirds of the children under age
15-are protected against polio,

‘One of the main benefits of
a high level of immunization is
known as “herd immnnity,”
which means that childress who
shave-not.been immunized are

protected againgt. catching a
oloeape because nearly every-
one around: them. has been
vaccinated,’ When the level of
immunization declines to any
great extent, herd immunity
loses its effectiveness.

Diphtheria occurs predom-
inantly among _unimmunized
children under 15 years of age
_ but is often found among adults

in: population’ groups «whose

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the wonders — of

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No imagination will ever match a

m

KETCHIKAN, home of the gold rush
to. JONEAN, the historical‘ capital
from the ethnic experience... of
SKTKA to the mountains, glaciers
and massive forests of GLACIER,

Alaska -is. mother nature at. her
best.

_ Crulte the spectacular Inside
Passage from Vancouver.

ONE-WEEK CRUISE
FROM #335 — While They Lostll

For RESERVATIONS & INFORMATION CALL:

WEST'S TRAVEL AGENCY

365-7782

was neglected.

Diphtheria incidence de-
creased from 421 cases in 1950
to 51 cases in 1965. From 1965
to 1974, incidence rates fluctu-
ated, but, by 1974, hi

Poses Threat to Canada’s Health

Booster shots,are usually
given before a child's entry into
school or ‘in*the event of
contaminated injury.

incidence was rising once again,
with 173 reported cases in that:

There has been an increase
in the proportion of diphtheria
cases among adults, In 1960, 60
per cent of the cases occurred
among children under 15 years
of age, and 21 per cent: were
among adults 25 years of age -
and over.

In 1974 about 58 per cent of
‘the reported diphtheria cases
were in the under 16 age group,

while 29 per cent were in the,,

older group. This increase
among adults was due presum-
ably to a rise in the. number, of

susceptible people at these ages»

who ‘came “in ‘contact: with
children harboring. the. diph-:
theria bacillus.

: Mortality from diphtheria
reached its lowest point in 1974,
with five deaths, a decline from
the 62 deaths recorded in 1950.
The decline in, mortality. has
been due to prevention through
immunization, as well as to the
antitoxin and antibiotics used in

t and for
after exposure.’

In. 1974, 1,579 cases of
pertussis (whooping: cough),
which resulted in two ‘deaths, >
were reported in Canada. ie

dro|

21 " SONY

from the 12,182 cases and 208

deaths in 1950.

‘The incidence of whooping

‘cough Is, highest under seven
‘years of! age ‘and can be a
‘serous medical problem.

“Tetanus Secure worldwide
and | affects ©: ages. |The
tetanus cue | can be intro-
duced “into: the: body during

‘injury, usually in a wound that
‘punctures. the’ ‘skin “and is

contaminated with soil, street

-dust, or animal feces

‘ap measure,

P 5 par-
alysis) is an acute viral disease
that is spread by.contact with
infected people. The severity of
the illness may | range from
slight infection ‘to paralytic

disease. The fatality rate for »

paralytic cases varies from two
to 10 per cent in epidemics and
increases markedly ‘with age.

Although polio can attack
~ persons of any age, children
and adolescents are its chief
vietims.:The disease, which
struck thousands of children in
the 1950's’and left many of
them permanently paralyzed, is
now “completely preventable
with vaccine,

In: the early, fifties, ello
‘cases in Canadd averaged 3,870
casesa year, with the incidence
reaching a high of 8,734 in 1958.
After. the: introduction ‘of ‘the
Salk vaccine in 1955 and of the
Sabin vaccine ‘in 1962, the
incidence ‘of polio’ declined
sharply. .

Since 1965, there have
been fewer than 10 polio cases a
year; in 1974 the incidence

‘ dropped to three cases. Morta!-

ity from polio has also shown a
marked =.reduction—from 494
deaths in 1958 to‘one in 1974.

In the, 1952 and.1953 peak
years, polio claimed 806 lives.

According to Metropoli-
tan’s statisticians, the years of
success with vaccines and the
comparatively low incidence of
these diseases have given par-
ents a false sense of security.

Many young parents have
no direct knowledge of the
potentially serious: complica-

+ tions of the infectious diseases

of childhood and do not realize
the importance of immuniza-
tion. .
The, booklet, Memo to
Parents About domauaization,

's local

‘babies ‘are ‘given ‘a’ series of,

injections—usually, in’a triple?
DTP vaccine: that  immunizes.
against diphtheria, tetanus, and
pertussis simultaneously.

offices, or ty eee to the
Health and Welfare Division,
Metropolitan . Life, 99. Bank
Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P
5A3.:

OTTAWA
and Small
Business

Mass transit by taxi

By KENNETH McDONALD

The effect on transpurta-
on of fuel cost and scarcity

«Is putting new focus on local
+ communities. In future, peas

ple will tend to live nearer to
where they work und shop.
eee
The fuel factor also puts
new focus on ways to cut
transportation costs, Cana-
dian communities havesome
ready-made examples among
their counterparts south of,
the border.
eee
According to U.S. News,
in some 3,400 communities
taxis are the only means of
public transportation. Na-,

/ tonwide,' they move about

80 per: cent more peuple
than’ all: the: mass ‘transit
systems combined.
eee
El Cajon and ‘La Mesa,
near San Diego, have con-
tracted with local taxi com-
panies for citywide dial-a-ride
service at a flat rate of 50
cents a fare. Subsidizing the
system costs less than the
former bus service.
eee
Ames, Ja.. population
43,500, dues the same with
a fleet of 15-passenger buses.
In-city fare is 75 cents, rising.
to SI farther out. If more:

“than one rider, boards at a,

single stop, the fare is split:
eee
“Shared rides" is the key
to the successful use of taxis
as mass transit. Insome cities,

) riders sign: up for daily, ser-

vice to and from work. In
others; taxis can stop for.
anyone, until. all seats are
filled, Twelve cities in Cali-
fornia are in'a

public “

The school bus operation
breaks even!
eee
In Reston, Va., commu-
ters have contracted with a
tocal company for'servicein-
to Washington, Commuters
take it in turn to act as vo-
lunteer ‘conductors, ‘collect
ing fares and attending to
passenger comfort.
eee
The ‘lesson is plain. Or-
dinary. people, using thelr
own’ ingenuity. and ‘enter.
prise, can usually find better
and cheaper ways of doing
things. than bureaucracies
snarled in red tape.
eee

The Canadian Federation
of Independent Business sees ~
these initiatives in’ smaller
‘communities ‘as a very en-
couraging sign of widespread
dissatisfaction with the in-
efficiency and high cost of

ces",
eee

The ‘road to revitalizing
Canada’s economy lies in get-
ting government out of every
function that can be per-
formed better and cheaper
by individual enterprise.

London Mice
Dine Well

London restaurants ‘are
plagued by an’ invasion of
“commuter mice” swarming out
of the subways to dine on
leftover food,

“This is a very serious

problem,” a community health .
officer testified

in court recent-
ly. “There is urgent: need for
everybody to ‘get together to
tackle this.”

The testimony came in a
case:'in which the TInncenta

study of how taxis can best
¢ transit costs.

eee
Downers'Gra' USES.
seven school buses to move

commuters to and from local -

train stations.’ Buses run on.
fixed routes but stop any-
where on request. Fare is 30
cents, An offer by the re-
gional transit ‘authority to,

|| buy’ fancier buses, using
tnatching federal funds, was

turned down as too costly.

$1,190 for
hygiene offences.

“It is an open secret that
the. whole" of .'that serene is
infested “with “rodents,” said
defence lawyer Peter Sheridan.

“They are particularly fond

of the «Piccadilly “tube line,"

probably because’ of the
warmth. Railway. at
that when the stations close the
platforms are full of mice who
come out of their hiding places.

“They go into the many
restaurants in the area to eat,
ineluding ours.”

CASTLEGAR NEWS, Thursday, December 9, 1976

Fast — Courteous — Reliable’
Phone 365-5700

You Save af Bonneft’s

10 Pct. OFF for CASH
BONNETT’

Boys BOYS & MENS WEAR: MENS WEAR
THEPHONE 965-6761 365-6761

WHEN ENTERTAINING DURING
THIS FESTIVE SEASON,

Be Sure to include .

_ “EGG- NOG”

++. On. your menul
_ Available at your: favorite
store

REMEMBER...
“PALM DAIRY

PRODUCTS
ARE FRESH!

tell me *

What's ina Name?

Well, fo two lucky Castlegar News
readers each week it means a free buc-
ket of delicious Dave's Dixie Lee Chicken
from now until Christmas. All you have to
do is look through’ the advertisements in
+ this paper each week until Christmass If
you find your name, phone 365-7266 and
we will mail you a certificate’ good for a
free bucket of tasty Dave's Dixie Lee

"oa Looking! Stort Shopping!
CASTLEGAR NEWS

& DAVE'S DIXIE LEE

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bad

Each one of us discards an average of 4
pounds of garbage a day — 1,500 pounds a
year. That's energy we're throwing away!
By avoiding unnecessary products, and
reusing and recycling the rest of them, we
can save a tremendous amount of energy for
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ie Garbage Book shows you how to
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deal with ring, con-
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Mail the coupon today for your free
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+All you've got to lose i is your garbage!

C Please send mesheccopy.
I of The Garbane Book.

NAME.

ADDRESS.

POSTAL CODE.

| Mail coupon to:

The Garbage Book
Box 3516, Station C, Ottawa, Ontario KIY 4G1

Energy consarvation: be part of the solution.

Eneraie, Mines et

Energy, Mines and.
Resources Canada | Ressources Canada

Hon. Hon
Mnsiter Marstee