CASTLEGAR NEWS, Thursday, ‘San, 16, 1964

Domestic caWati iaporns Safe! Writer Takes Issue
cle on fhe Subjectin the Reader's Digest

With Art

H. 0, HALVORSON
Director, School of Life Sciences
University of Winols
Urbana, Wlinols

An article in Reader's Digest
for July, 1980, ‘entitled Nature's
Wondrous Way With Waste” by

moted by someone from this group,

Unfortunately the article pro-
bably was widely read and respect-
ed because the printed word ecar-
ties with it a certain amount of
authority, especially so when the
statements made carry the concur.

Don Reimero, A

of Journalism, University of Mis-
sourt, advocated open sewage !a-
goons as a panacea for the treat.
ment of raw domestic sewage,

It is claimed that this is the most
economical method that can be
used and that It is perfectly safe.
The statement made is not backed
up with documentary evidence; the
author merely says he received
his information from a representa-
tive of the Public Health Service
and that the process is being pro-

ence of pi experts,

T challenge the assertion that
open sewage lagoons that receive
untreated domestic sewage are safe
from a public health point of view.
I am not aware that anyone in the
Public Health Service or elsewhere
has shown that such lagoons are
free’ from disease producing bac.
teria.

When the statement is made
that these lagoons are perfectly
safe, even though they may be
only a few hundred feet from

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‘| Jagoon renders the water free from

homes, and other public
Places — the public will logically
assume that the action within the

pathogenic organisms, In fact, the

most often do, carry disease bac-
teria; this is one reason the state
boards .of health and public offit
elals specify that. such lagoons
must be constructed at least a quar-
ter of a mile from residences or
public frequented grounds.

‘When raw sewage is discharg-
ed into a quiet pond of water such
as-a shallow lagoon, the larger
solids will settle to the bottom

near the point of discharge and

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waters in these lagoons can and| tle.

method to determine how wide-

: ‘| ing; water, they will carry with

WEEN Bem SARE tea Ly

here will undergo decay (as was
mentioned in the article, in the
Reader's Digest), Very small part-
icles and bacteria will remain in

long period of time and therefore
will not be in the environment
where the worms and other forms
of life digest the settled organic
matter,

In a mechanical sewage treat-
ment process the principal fact in
the destruction of disease produc-
ing bacteria is the competition ex.
erted by other micro-organisms
growing in and on suspended or-
ganic matter,

In, treatment. processes such
as the activated sludge ‘system,
the aim is to keep the organic
matter suspended so as to increase
the activity of the organisms thus
allowing them to consume the fine-
ly divided organic matter. — in-
cluding the disease producing bac-
terla — that does not readily sct-

In a quiet lagoon this situa-

tion is not attained; here the bulk
of the organic, matter settles to
the bottom and the finely divided
material and the majority of the
free living bacteria will remain in
the semiclear water for a. con-
siderable time. In: fact, these ad-
venturous bacteria .are likely to
live longer here than in the en-
vironment of a mechanical sewage
treatment process.
. Viruses are even smaller than
bacteria, so will settle even slow-
er and are apt to remain in sus-
pension in the water for even long-
er periods of time.

designed the Jagoon testified that
he had on numerous aceasions
hunted ducks on such, bodies of
water, This shows a lack of under-
standing of the problem involved.

Mosquitoes and other insects
‘can breed in the water of these Ia-
goons and it'is for this reason that
the boards of health specify that
weeds must be kept from growing
in them or at thelr edges, Does
the absence of weeds. insure the
absence of mosquitoes? What as-
surance can one give people that
may be living near one of these
lagoons that the mosquitoes they
find in their yards are not coming
from the lagoon.

According to the article in the
Reader's Digest, the pond should
be constructed in an area where
there is a reasonable amount of
clay to prevent excessive seepage,
Why should it be undesirable to
have excessive seepage; and what

soa NG CMG

hauled in to prevent this seepage
the ‘cost will be considerably high-
er than that indicated in the art-
icle,

There is now a new danger
from sewage secpage, namely that
of contaminating the underground | =
water strata with synthetic detcr-
Gents, These synthetic compounds,
generally not subject.to bacteria
decomposition, will remain in the
water much longer than the sewage
bacteria and also penetrate fur-
ther into the ground without be-
ing decomposed,

In most lagoons, if not all,
there is a great difference between
the amount of water flowing into
them and the amount of overflow,
if any. Some of this variance is due
to the evaporation that takes place
at the surface. With the exception
of very hot and arid ‘areas the
evaporation cannot keep up with
the inflow. The major portion of

In_most states’ underground
disposal of sewage is” prohibited
because of the danger of contami-,
nating underground water supplies,
In such cases means

the between the inflow
and outflow must be due to sec-
Page.

In the article in the Reader's
Digest, mention was made of the

that sewage bacteria have found
their way into the underground wa-
ter system. If this can happen from
‘underground disposal systems, it
can also happen from surtace dis-
posal systems if the untreated sew-
age can seep into the ground.

I wonder if the Public Health
Service engineers have determined
what constitutes excessive secpage
and, in every case where lngoons
are built, are adequate tests made
if the soil contains

In sewage wa-
ters, it is virtually impossible to
devise tests that are sufficiently
reliable’ to reveal the

enough elay to prevent this exces-
sive seepage. If clay has to be

disease producing bacteria Ban
when.they are known to be there.
Any competent baceteriologist will
admit that negative results in such
tests |is no indication that. these
bacteria are absent; therefore, one

to:proye that lagoons are safe.

: When it comes to viruses, our
testing methods are woefully in-
adequate and the situaiton is even
worse, particularly in view of the
many new species that are con-
stantly being: ‘discovered, *

Sanitary it haye

cannot rely on tests of this kind

Loc iFerry Traffic
_ Up Last Month
“Over Dec., 1962

* The Castlegar ferries made 684
more round trips last month than
they did during December, 1962,
and carried 1,571 more automo-
biles and drivers.

Statistics for the ferries for

always haat to rely upon the find-
ings of harmless_indicator organ-
isms to ascertain whether or not
a body of water is likely to be free
from disease.

D 1963, with figures for
December, 1962, in brackets follow:

Number of round trips (4,562)
5,246; number .of autoriobiles and
drivers (44,805) :46,376; number. of

Some bacteriologists in. Europe
have used. a culture’ of: Seratia
intica, ‘a- particularly easy to find

not drivers (82,003)
82,984; number of trucks, all types
(13,457) 13,638;- number of trail-
ers and’ semi- trailers (428) 391;

to’,
the degree: of “

number of mot: (659) 677
(8). Ph

of

river or lake. This organism is not
ordinarily found in natural water
and it is very easy to identify be-
cause: it produces a red pigment
‘when it grows..

I. would suggest that others in-
terested in such studies use this

spread: the test_drganisms will be
found in the lagoon and how long
they will persist there. This will
give some indication how long path-
ogenic bacteria might be able to
exist in these waters.

‘What does it ‘matter if disease
producing bacteria are present in
the waters of these lagoons? State
boards of health require that such
lagoons ‘be surrounded ‘bya. man
and pet proof:fence.; They also re-
quire signs be placed to warn peo-
ple that these lagoons contain raw
domestic sewage. ~~’

I doubt very. much that one
can build. a fence that: can keep
out curious boys: and their .dogs;

&) and

Anglican Canon
To Lecture Tonight
At Notre Bame

“Christian Values in Higher
Education” will. be the subject
of the fourth in the series “Con-
temporary ‘64" lectures to be held |'
at Notre Dame University tonight.
Rev, Canon C, Hilary Butler,
MA, of Victoria will be the guest
speaker, + +

Previously scheduled for Dec-
ember, the lecture was cancelled
because of weather conditions. Ev-
“ery provision: has now been made
to bring the speaker to Nelson.
Canon Butler is Canon Lectur-
er at Christ Chureh Cathedral ‘in
Victoria and A chaplain at

Water fowl, will pay no

in the Reader's Digest, the atithor
boasts of ‘the fact that:the water
is’ clean enough . for dueks cand
geese to swim in,

When these birds fly to other
bodies. of water .or, even..n “some
eases to reservolgs that store drink-

them -bacteria attached to their
feet and feathers. At a trial,.I wit-
nessed not long ago where the pro:
perty owners were trying to pre:
vent, a-.city from building:a lagoon

to the’signs. In fact in the article |:

the University of Victoria. From
1942 to 1946 he was chaplain of
the RAFVR. Later, he was vicar of
St. Matthias’s church, Brighton,
and rector at Crawley, Sussex. -
* Coming to Canada in 1958, Ca-
non Butler was rector at Oliver
until he.accepted his present posi-
tion in’ 1961. He received his BA
degree from St. John’s College,
Cambridge, in 1935, and his MA

in 1938,

= The leciure will be held in St.
Martin's Hall on: the university

near their homes, the engineer who

f the part of the
public about “disagreeable odors
from lagoons and that experience
has shown there is no such dan-
ger.

In general, biologists will agree
that organic waste from 100 per-
sons, distributed uniformly in wa-
ter that spreads over one zcre,
will not be sufficient to create any
odor nuisarice.. The infcrence in the
article is, if there is no odor, there
is no danger involved, This, of
course, is not factual since the

from disease producing bacteria
and viruses,

Mention was made above that
there is little danger from odors
in these lagoons if the organic
matter is uniformly distributed;
this does not always happen. Some
lagoons have been built that oc-
cupy from 400 to 600 acres and
were, designed to take care of a
fairly large community therefore
a considerable umcunt of sewage
is involved. &

If- this is discharged into a
single inlet or even in a few in-
lets, the concentration of organic
matter at local spots will be so
great that very noticeable foul
odors can occur.

The article in the Reader's Di-
gest claimed the cost of a lagoon
Process would be only about. 45
per cent of the cost of a mechani-
eal type treatment process,

If the cost referred to includes
only: the cost of constructing the
lagoon itself, this might be true,
but in some cases, this will not
be the only cost. A suitable site
may be located some distance from
the community, and the connec-
ting sewer will contribute consid-.
erably to the total cost. The boards
of health specify that a lagoon
must be built at least a quarter-
mile from. residences. ‘This means
the community must obtain ease-
ments to,a fairly large piece of
land on Which the lagoon is to be
located.

- No farmer would be expected
to allow the lagoon to be construct-
ed on his farm without reasonable
compensation. If residences cannot
be built within a quarter-mile ra-
dius of the lagoon, this means the
land that lies within this distance
may have its future use restricted;
therefore, the owner would be en-
titled to damages for this future
‘restriction of its use.

The cost of the land may, there-
fore, be a major item. If the land
is not level, a’great deal of dirt
removal or moving will be _neces-
sary-in order to get the desired
acreage of perfectly level Jand,
The lagoon should not be more
than three feet deep and it .must
have a uniform depth over-all. The
cost of leveling this’ land can be
considerable. ‘To this ‘must be add-
ed the lost revenue if the land is
removed from cultivation, Also
the taxes there must be lost,
These costs must be figpred
into the operating or yearly ex-
pense if one is to be correctly in-

campus.

formed on the expense involved,

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your next trip in British Columbia. Whenever. you
travel, fly Canadian Pacific. — the Heteet most
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eee re ="
tbound — Dally:
LY Castiegar 103000. aR Crantroote timber rBi0 pm.

Westbound — Dally ~ 3

LY Castlegar 3:15 p.m. AR Pantlcton 355 pan

fancouver + -S1S pm *

Westbound —"Dally except Sindsy.

LV Castlegar 10:15 a.m. AR Penticton i 1055 am,
AR Kelowna-Vernon :. 11:35 a.m,
AR Vancouver, 2:05 pm.

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SCANS

Rebroadcaster Will Offer
Complete CBC Coverage

{continued from page one)

cach time zone, these programs

have becn delayed years more. | are recorded on videotape, delayed f
The cost-per-home for communi-| for onc hour, and then re-trans: |
ties of relatively small popula-j mitted. This allows most programs!

tion is prohibitive,
« But the television rebroad-
caster, which cost an estimated

to’ be telecdat at the. same local |
time. all-across Canada,

‘Sports. Svante and special ‘news
from this

$40,09 in th:
the orice: “at ‘a traction. of the
cost of a full station.‘
Here is how it worka:
National network’ programs
are transmitted across the coun-
try by a ‘microwave network, In

LTC

‘Liberal Candidate
Wires Pickersgilt
On. Rebroadcastor

Kootenay-West Liberal candi.

, date and government representa-

tlve, George Cady, has charged

that a lengthy delay in getting

CBC television equipment install-

ed _here is another example of
+ “CBC inefficiency.”

Mr, Cady made his charge in

a@ telegram last week to Hon, J,

‘ Pickereslt, secretary of state, In

wa, :
He disclosed that a CBC: en-
gineer sent to install the televi-
ston transmission equipment whl-
th would see resident of Castle-
gar and District: viewing Canad-
jan television from a. signal of
the Rossiand-Trall CBC: trans-
milter, has returned to Montreal
without completing the job.
Mr. Cady sald that some equip-
ment required is stilt in England
while other equipment is in stor-
age here. S
West: Kootenay Power and
Light Co. has completed’a line
to the’ site of the relay trans-
mitter near

Sdolay pattern" and come across
“alive” — ‘that is, they are seen
Simuttangously, all ‘across: Canada,

e. CBC-TV ‘delay centro", |
Saving B.C. is located at Calgary. |i
As the delayed programs are sent
from Calgary to Vancouver, mon’

“| tora near-Trail and Cranbrook pick’
,| up the signal ‘and: rebroadcast - it,

The signal from the Trail re-
broadcaster will be si:nilarly: pick-
ed up and repeated by -the re-
broadcaster serving Castlegar on
channel 3,

“During “network periods” re:,
sidents in the Castlegar area will
receive the same programs as all
other Canadian viewers, The, net-
work ‘periods are: all day Sunday;
from 1 p.m. to 10 p.m. Saturday, |§
and again at 11 p.m, Saturday; and
three periods on | weekdays: 0 a.m,
to 1l'am.; 2 B.m., to 6 pm; and
from 7.30 "Monday and. Thursday;
745 Wednesday or 8. p.m. Tues
day and. Friday. until’ the conclu-
sion of the 11 o'clock news.

The remaining periods bet
ween sign-on and sign-off ‘are’ ‘dé-
signated as, .“local periods’ and
are used by CBC stations: and af-
filiates to provide features with
a local flavor to their audiences. _

In these periods, ‘to maintain
continuous service’ for: viewers in
Trail, Rossland, Nelson, Cranbrook,
Kimberley, Castlegar and-Kinnaird,
CBC Vancouver sends video-tapes
of local’ programs ‘to’ the’ delay
centre at Calgary. These. are tele-
cast over the B.C. portion ‘of the
network and picked up by. the re-

ABBAS

“Bowling

Celgar Mixed

. Ladies’ High Single V..FPland-
ers. 268; Ladies. High Three G.
Collough 663. Men's High Single
D. ‘Hiebert 275; Men's High Three
A, Jaques 715. Team High Single
Team 5 1154; Team High Three
Team 8 3178.

Team Points: Team 6 292,
Team 8 291, Team 1 230, Team 9
280, Team 12 279, Team 4 269,
Team 5 262, Team 10 258, Team 7
248, Team 2 241, Team 11 220,
Team 3 212.

Coffee Break League — _ RY

LHS Jo Taylor 241; LAT Jo
Tawlor 605. THS Mugs 8!
Muffets 2600.

> EP: Wheaties 35, Muffets 43,
Mugs 23, Cheerios 32, Take \“‘5"
24, Pincurlers 23.
Tuesday 1 O'clock

LHS Helen Wallace 322; LHT
Helen Walalce. 700. THS Ross's
Meatmarket 1006; THT Ross's
Meatmarket 2614.

TP: Ross's Meatmarket 2, Cas-
‘ tlegar Drug 2; Oglow's 3, Skyline
Autoservice, 1; Independents 1, Ti-
ger Service 3.

Other 600's Vi McLuckie 662, |,

Helen Batcher, 605, Elsie Rysen
Tuesday Mixed League 1 9
{HS Ada Halboucr 216; LHT

‘Ada Halbouer.'545. MHS .Bill Da-
vis 278; MHT Bill Davis: 669. THS

LEGION:
Weifare
BINGO

| Sat. Jan. 1 3°

- LEGION

Hailleys Comets 981; rar Hailleys
omets 2625,

TP: Wests 1, Button Pushers
2, Bridge Builders 2, Lotta Blows
3, Hailley Comets a:

Other 600’s John Paulson: 633,
Tuesday Night Mixed 9-11

LHS Elaine Dally 223; LHT
Joyce Turner 522.. MHS George
Jablonsky 297; MHT George Jab-
lonsky 678. THS Nighthawks 902;
THT Nighthawks 2520. .

TP: Team 13, Team 2 2, Team

q 3 2, Team 4 1,.Team 5 3, Team 6 ;

" “Ottise? 600% Ed Webster 637, |f
Bill Briges 639, Curt Waterman
628. ;

Wed Morning Drivers League

LHS Terry MacReady . 304;
LHT Terry MacReady "623. THS
Cranks 987;. THT; Cranks 2468.
TP: Carburetors 4;: Sparetires
1, Bumpers’ 3,’ Exhauts Os (Cranks
4, Sparkplugs 3.
Ladies Wed Nite

LHS .Irene Conroy. 231; LHT
Irene (Conray 567. .THS Five
AT Five qTHumbs

Thumbs 3, Beatniks 4..
Thursday Morning. League ”.

LHS:Helen Wallace 248; LHT
Helen Wallace 598, THS, Squirrels
855; THT-Squirrels 2452...

‘TP: Beavers 3, Chipmunks 1,
Lions 3, Minx 1, Squirrels 3, Ted-
dy Bears 1. 5
eee. Balers League

'S Kay Cantell: 201; LHT
Alice, "Guthrie 533, pk -Team 5
846; THT Teami

‘TP: Team 1 om ‘Team 223%
Team 3 31, ‘Team 421, Team 5 37,
Team 6,27,

Friday ‘Night Classié Mixed

LHS, Donna Morgan 230;-LHT
Evelyne Schmidt 579."MHS Harry

Cheveldayoff! 774. THS ‘Five Sha-|§
kes 1151; THT Defenders 3012.

TP: DeVito's. 3, Castle News
1; Five Shakes ‘2, Dead Beats 2;
"| Defenders 2, Reformers. 2.

Other, 600's Bill Davis 738, Al-
frdo Vellutini :709, Rene, Brodman |i

650, John Paulson, 625, Orlando
Vecchio 609, John Mason: 603. -

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WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO LIMIT. QUANTITIES. ‘OPEN DAILY. 3) 9 P.M.”

“EXCEPT MONDAYS FROM 9 AM To 12 NOON & SATURDAYS. TO 5.30.