DIGITAL READINESS: AN EVALUATION OF
RURAL BROADBAND MODELS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 2021 APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT

Kaslo infoNet Society

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Publication Details ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................................... 3
Executive Summary....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 5

2.

Evaluation Approach ............................................................................................................................. 5

3.

Findings ................................................................................................................................................. 6

4.

Discussion of Findings ........................................................................................................................... 9

5.

Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 10

References .................................................................................................................................................. 12

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PUBLICATION DETAILS
Author
•

McKenna Dubois, Selkirk College Student Research Intern

Project Team
•
•
•

Ishith Nigam, Selkirk College Student Research Intern
Ashleigh Weeden, University of Guelph
Sarah-Patricia Breen, Regional Innovation Chair

Report Series: Digital Readiness: An Evaluation of Rural Broadband Models in British Columbia
Publication Date: September 22, 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report is part of the Digital Readiness: An Evaluation of Rural Broadband Models in British Columbia project. This
research was funded by the Mitacs Accelerate program, with support from City West.
The project team would like to gratefully acknowledge the support and guidance received from Dr. Wayne Kelly and
Dr. Robert Long.
The project team also gratefully acknowledges the input of the eight interviewees who generously donated their time
and expertise to this project.
Selkirk College acknowledges the traditional territories of the Sinixt (Lakes), the Syilx (Okanagan), the Ktunaxa, and the
Secwépemc (Shuswap) peoples.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Connectivity is now considered to be a critical service, a foundational need to actively participate in the economy and
society. Rural communities, including local government, community groups, and individuals are increasingly playing
active roles in improving rural connectivity. The overarching goal of the Digital Readiness project is to better understand
the different models of community involvement in connectivity that exist and the related benefits and challenges in
order to inform other communities. As part of the Digital Readiness project, the project team conducted two
evaluations of existing examples of community-led connectivity initiatives in rural BC.
This report presents the results of the evaluation of Kaslo infoNet Society. The Kaslo infoNet Society (KiN) is a rural
community-controlled non-profit society that was formed in 1996 to build a community access network for Kaslo and
its neighboring communities in the Regional District of Central Kootenay in south-east BC. (Kaslo infoNet Society 2021)
KiN is dedicated to improving local access to connectivity and is demonstrating an innovative approach to connectivity
technologies to future-proof rural community networks.
Through the completion of a detailed desktop analysis and conduction of interviews with key case study individuals,
information about the need for connectivity in the North Kootenay Lake communities and the fulfillment of those needs
by KiN were identified, alongside some of the barriers and challenges KiN faced. These include:
•

Need for Connectivity:
o Maintaining community viability
o Retaining youth and professionals
o Increased connectivity demands during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

•

KiN’s Role in Connectivity and the Community:
o Building and operating a robust and reliable community access network using innovative
technologies and infrastructure to service Kaslo and the North Kootenay Lake communities
o Connectivity advocacy and community championship

•

Barriers and Challenges:
o Permitting and policy challenges
o Funding and cost-related challenges
o Geospatial challenges

Based on the analyzed data, we were able to identify that KiN has been successful due to the combination of four key
success factors:
•

Leadership

•

Funding

•

Community Partnerships

•

Community Focus

What KiN has accomplished is unique and special, as rural communities are each unique and special. Each of the above
defining variables contributed to KiN’s success as a community organization, with a special emphasis on maintaining
strong leadership and community focus. Through our exploration of rural connectivity in British Columbia, our research
supports the idea that a non-profit is the most promising connectivity model for a community with similar demographic
and geographic conditions. These considerations, in addition to the innovative technologies KiN is piloting, could be
adapted to fit any rural community looking to undertake their own connectivity initiative.

4

1. INTRODUCTION
Connectivity is now considered to be a critical service, a foundational need to actively participate in the economy and
society. However, rural communities in British Columbia (BC) continue to face challenges with connectivity. Rural
communities, including local government, community groups, and individuals are increasingly playing active roles in
improving rural connectivity. The overarching goal of the Digital Readiness project is to better understand the different
models of community involvement in connectivity that exist and the related benefits and challenges in order to inform
other communities. As part of the Digital Readiness project, the project team conducted two evaluations of existing
examples of community-led connectivity initiatives in rural BC.
This report presents the results of the evaluation of Kaslo infoNet Society. The Kaslo infoNet Society (KiN) is a rural
community-controlled non-profit society that was formed in 1996 to build a community access network for Kaslo and
its neighboring communities in the Regional District of Central Kootenay in south-east BC (Kaslo infoNet Society 2021).
Initially, KiN provided the community with basic Internet services, and at the time, their dial-up internet service was the
only way people in the local telephone exchange could connect a local call while avoiding high toll charges. In 2006, KiN
began creating a wireless high-speed community access network for North Kootenay Lake communities that has since
evolved into a robust and reliable 300-megabit symmetrical fibre-optic network (Kaslo infoNet Society 2021) (KIN1
2021). KiN is dedicated to improving local access to connectivity and is demonstrating an innovative approach to
connectivity technologies to future-proof rural community networks.
This report provides a short overview of the evaluation approach, followed by a presentation and discussion of findings.
This report and evaluation have been used to support the creation of an early-stage policy model for supporting
communities pursuing connectivity initiatives (Breen et. al, 2021a).

2. EVALUATION APPROACH
The evaluation of Kaslo infoNet Society piloted an evaluation approach developed as part of the Digital Readiness
project. The details of the evaluation approach are documented and available as a separate Evaluation Process report
(Breen et. al, 2021b). The overarching evaluation approach identified 20 specific metrics relating to the technological,
social, political, economic, and physical aspects of connectivity.
Metric data was collected from two types of sources. First, secondary data sources were reviewed. Community profiles
(Columbia Basin Rural Development Institute 2020) and census data (Statistics Canada 2016) were examined to identify
and understand the technological, social, political, economic, and physical characteristics of Kaslo and North Kootenay
Lake communities. The BC Community Information Tool was also used to further develop an understanding of these
factors, as well as connectivity (Province of British Columbia 2021). The National Broadband Internet Service Availability
Map was used to determine elements of internet service provision, such as communities served, reported service
speeds, types of technologies in use, and service providers in the area (Government of Canada 2021).
Next, primary data was collected through key informant interviews i. Interviewees were identified based off of their
involvement with the case study organization, the case study community, or their high-level knowledge of connectivity,
especially as it pertains to rural communities. Eight interviews were conducted with three types of interviewees:
internal interviewees (3/8), local external interviewees (1/8), and big picture interviewees (4/8). Interviews conducted
with individuals from within KiN (internal) and the service area (local external) facilitated the development of knowledge
on KiN’s operations, the impact they have had on the communities they serve, and the relationships KiN has with local
government. Local external interviewees included representatives from local government and individuals involved in
community economic development. Big picture interviews were conducted with connectivity experts, industry
professionals, and representatives from high-level government to provide insight into the circumstances surrounding
rural connectivity in BC and Canada, including obstacles and possible solutions.
i

Selkirk College Ethics Approval REB 2021-016.
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A transferrable evaluation framework was developed by the broader project to compile and analyze the quantitative
and qualitative secondary data that was collected during this project against 20 pre-determined metrics (Breen et. al,
2021b). Interviews were transcribed and data was matched to the evaluation metrics and summarized. A similar process
was followed for the secondary data, where a desktop analysis was conducted for each of the communities served and
information was categorized under the appropriate metric for each community. Following that, all information for each
metric was again compiled and summarized.
As with any research, there are limitations to this evaluation, primarily as a result of the short duration of the project
and that it occurred over the summer when many people were on vacation. Given that there were a limited number of
interviewees and an unequal number of interviewees in each interviewing category, some perspectives may have been
missed. Additionally, there is limited information available pertaining to connectivity and KiN’s operations in the small
North Kootenay Lake communities due to their low population density and the unincorporated status of some of the
smaller service areas. Additionally, while interview data was triangulated against secondary sources, we acknowledge
that there is limited information available related to some metrics.

3. FINDINGS
For the Kaslo infoNet Society’s evaluation data was available for 19 of the 20 metrics. Of these, analysis revealed that
17 have a critical influence on the workings of KiN. Table 1 provides an overview of the metrics, rationale and
importance, and a short summary of the data.
Table 1: Metrics Overview and Summary of Findings
Metric

Summary of Findings
Kaslo and North Kootenay Lake have a combined
population of 2311 persons, 968 of which reside in Kaslo.
Kaslo has experienced a 1.22% decrease in population
between 2011-2016. Additionally, the median age is 56,
which has increased by 1.33% between 2001-2016
(Statistics Canada 2016). This indicates an aging and
declining population.

Critical Influence
YES

Population Density
Determine potential client base and
user population. Speaks to market
size.

Kaslo’s population density is 321.9 people per sq
kilometer, while the population for the North Kootenay
Lake area is 0.2 people per sq kilometer (Columbia Basin
Rural Development Institute 2020).

YES

Consumer Income Levels
Indication of the purchasing power
of clients/users. Speaks to equity
and accessibility.

The median household income in Kaslo was $44, 096 in
2016, which has seen an increase of 1.36% between
2001-2016 (Statistics Canada 2016). Most inhabitants at
Kaslo are above the low-income cut-off.

NO

Community Digital Capacity
Identify existing communal digital
literacy. Speaks to market need.

Residents of Kaslo have standard digital literacy and
connectivity needs (KIN2 2021). By having access to
robust and reliable connectivity, KiN is providing their
customers with the opportunity to improve their own
digital literacy.

NO

Organization Capacity
Determine current level of human
capacity within organizations.

KiN is led and operated by highly skilled, experienced,
and motivated individuals (KIN1 2021) (KIN2 2021) (KIN3
2021) (LE1 2021). Their dedication and advocacy are
invaluable assets to KiN and the community.

YES

Demographics Determine

potential client base and user
population. Speaks to market size.

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Metric
Terrain and Landscape
Determine constraints on
infrastructure options and physical
challenges.

Summary of Findings
Kaslo is remote and mountainous and is situated at the
delta of the Kaslo River, which empties into Kootenay
Lake (Visit Kaslo 2020). The Kaslo area, like many rural
communities, has many unpaved roads, making the
burial of fibre easier (KIN1 2021).

Critical Influence
YES

Number and Types of Businesses
Determines potential business
clients and user base. Speaks to
market size and need.

There are 99 business listings in the Kaslo Chamber of
Commerce directory, in a variety of industries, including
trades, hospitality, and tourism (Kaslo Chamber of
Commerce 2021).

YES

Community Impact
Determine who benefits and impact
factors. Contribute to understanding
of challenges, barriers, cons.

KiN has brought a robust and reliable community access
network to Kaslo and North Kootenay Lake residents,
comparable to that of major urban centers (KIN1 2021).
As a non-profit society, much of its revenue is reinvested
into the community through staff wages. KiN provides
employment and skills training opportunities to the
community.

YES

Community Needs
Understand community connectivity
needs.

From entertainment to remote work to staying
connected, KiN’s residential and business internet
services have revitalized the North Kootenay Lake
communities. This improved connectivity has
encouraged the expansion and retention of the residents
and businesses in the Kaslo area (KIN2 2021).

YES

Existing Government Activity
Determine the involvement or role
of all levels of government.

KiN has received support from the Village of Kaslo in the
form of a 30-year permit to place fibre anywhere within
the boundaries Kaslo, which is helpful given that
obtaining permits like these can be a major obstacle.
(KIN1 2021). KiN has received provincial and federal
support in the form of grant funding, allowing KiN to
build and expand their community access network. (KIN2
2021) (BPE2 2021). Permitting and building
requirements and stipulations can pose significant
operational challenges.

YES

Competition
Understand existing competitive
landscape and determine role and
level of autonomy of the case study
service provider.

KiN has competition from Telus due to their ownership
of telecommunications infrastructure in the Kaslo area.
(KIN2 2021). Private sector for-profit enterprises like
Telus have significant capital at their disposal relative to
small non-profits like KiN, however KiN is able to
compete with them directly on capability, capacity, and
price (KIN1 2021) (KIN3 2021).

YES

Funding
Determine sources and amount of
funding. Speaks to financial capital.

Since 1996, KiN has received funding from Network BC
(Connecting Communities), Connecting Canadians
federal grants, Columbia Basin Broadband Corporation
(CBBC), Northern Development Initiative Trust (NDIT),
and Regional District Central Kootenay (RDCK). Startup
capital was contributed by founding local citizens (KIN2

YES

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Metric

Summary of Findings
2021). CBBC has also aided KiN when applying for
provincial and federal grant funding.
KiN is a non-profit organization. KiN made approximately
$650,000 in 2020, of which $450,000 (profit) was paid
out to staff in the form of salaries (KIN1 2021). Operating
as a non-profit was a suitable choice for KiN due to the
small customer base and large geographical spread
within their service area. These circumstances would not
typically pose a strong enough business case to attract
for-profit enterprises.

Critical Influence

Community Investment
Determine amount invested into
community and what it is spent on.

KiN has brought benefits and investment to the
community (Kaslo infoNet Society 2021). Last year,
$450,000 was paid out to local staff in the form of
salaries, which would contribute to the local economy.
KiN also invests in the community by investing in their
staff via skills training (KIN1 2021).

YES

Existing Technology and Type
Determine type of technology used
and reason behind its use.

The CBBC fibre backbone is a critical element of KiN’s
service delivery (KIN1 2021) (KIN2 2021). The KiN
methodology is pure switched Point to Point Ethernet
over Single Mode Optical fibre running on IETF Internet
protocols. That combination of hardware in the control
of the community makes it possible to treat the entire
region as if it were on a high-performance LAN in a single
building (KIN1 2021).

YES

Existing Service Quality and Type
Identify services offered and the
quality of services in the service
area.

Before KiN existed, Kaslo had extremely limited
connectivity. They were served by DSL, and interviewees
reported inconsistent service throughout the Village and
was topping out at 1.5mbps. Now, KiN’s symmetrical
fibre network services the area with reliable connectivity
at speeds up to 300mbps. KiN continues to use existing
wireless towers to service the more remote locations in
the area (KIN1 2021) (KIN2 2021).

YES

Infrastructure
Determine infrastructure needed to
support broadband operations and
expansion, and associated expenses.

KiN operates a point-to-point symmetrical ethernet
network, on 10G single mode fibre backbone and a 1G
end point, exceeding the 50/10mbps standard. This
means that it is possible to treat the entire region as if it
were on a single high-performance connection
contained within a single building (KIN1 2021).

YES

Price of All Available Internet
Services
Information on case study and
competitor pricing. Will help
determine competitive advantage
and probability of success.

KiN’s services are priced competitively. Their residential
wireless and fibre package options range from $54.95$119.95 per month, and their business wireless and fibre
package options range from $89.95-$899.95 per month.
The inclusion of access to KiN’s VOIP calling services
ranges from $19.95-$75.00 per month. These charges do
not include installation or connection fees (Kaslo infoNet
Society 2021).

YES

Model Profit
Determine profitability and return
on investment for the model.

YES

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Metric

Summary of Findings

Critical Influence

Customer Satisfaction
Determine how customers feel
about their current internet services.
Relates to customer retention
factors and areas for improvement.

No data available.

N/A

Company Structure and
Performance
Gain an understanding of the case
study ISP and the environment it
operates in.

KiN is a small non-profit society operated by a skilled
team of staff and a volunteer board. KiN is focused on
last-mile connection, for which CBBC provides the fibre
backbone. KiN aims to service all of regional district area
D in the West Kootenays with high-speed symmetrical
fibre connection (KIN1 2021) (KIN2 2021).

YES

4. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
This discussion section will address the need for connectivity in Kaslo and North Kootenay Lake communities, KiN’s role
in connectivity in the community, and the barriers and challenges they encountered on their way to success.
Need for Connectivity
With connectivity is now being considered a critical service, and a foundational need to actively participate in the
economy and society, it is more important than ever before to connect rural communities in British Columbia. Small
rural communities continue to face challenges with obtaining and maintaining sufficient connectivity service and
infrastructure. Without connectivity, rural communities will struggle to navigate the diverse 21st century economy and
may miss out on essential opportunities related to emergency services, health, education, business, communication,
and entertainment. The need for reliable connectivity has only become more apparent in light of the COVID-19
pandemic, with numerous households, businesses, and services relying on its use to conduct their daily work and
operations.
Without sufficient connectivity, remote communities experience an out migration of their population, especially in
youth and professionals. This was the case in Kaslo, as indicated in the demographics section above, where we saw a
shrinking population with an increasing median age. Improving connectivity in the Kaslo and North Kootenay Lake area
not only increases the viability of the community, but also helps retain professionals and encourages young adults to
return to their rural community after completing their post-secondary education.
KiN’s Role in Connectivity and the Community
Kaslo infoNet Society is providing connectivity solutions to the rural communities of North Kootenay Lake by providing
them not only with high-speed internet at comparable prices, but a technologically innovative and sustainable network
that will help keep these rural communities viable and maintain access to connectivity services. Without KiN, other
large ISPs would have had an unchallenged monopoly of the region’s customers, providing a slower, asymmetrical
service. For part of the KiN service area, without KiN they would have little or no access to internet, because such small
communities typically do not present a strong enough business case to attract a large ISP (BPE2 2021). Rural
communities often receive very little consideration from large for-profit ISPs when technologies become outdated or
need repairs, due to their insufficiently sized customer base and associated profit margins. With poor or no access to
connectivity, Kaslo would continue to see the out migration of youth and professionals – as they have in recent years because they do not have the same opportunities that they would in a well-connected urban location (BPE4 2021).
Over the past 25 years that they have been in operation, KiN has strived to ensure that Kaslo and the communities of
North Kootenay Lake are not overlooked in terms of connectivity because of their relative size and remoteness, and
they continue to expand and improve their community network. KiN is also providing more than high-speed internet.
9

They advocate for connectivity in a community where connection was absent or a struggle, and they are engaging
modern, innovative technologies in meaningful ways that will keep their communities viable for years to come.
Before KiN existed, Kaslo had extremely limited connectivity. They were served by DSL using outdated and impaired
copper wiring for service delivery, and interviewees reported inconsistent service throughout the Village and was
topping out at 1.5mbps. Now, KiN’s symmetrical fibre network services the area with reliable connectivity at speeds up
to 300mbps (KIN1 2021) (KIN2 2021). The KiN methodology is pure switched Point to Point Ethernet over Single Mode
Optical fibre running on IETF Internet protocols. That combination of hardware in the control of the community makes
it possible to treat the entire region as if it were on a high-performance LAN in a single building (KIN1 2021). The
difference in both technology and service delivery has made a very real difference to the rural and remote communities
in KiN’s service area.
Through leadership and vision, community-mindedness, forward-thinking, and dedication, KiN has become not only
successful, but a valued community champion. By designing, building, and operating the last mile of community
network, KiN has ensured that the communities surrounding North Kootenay Lake are connected at competitive
speeds, capacity, and prices. KiN has also, in their policy, mandated that they cannot be bought out, which ensures their
own sustainability as well as the continuity of the services that they provide (KIN1 2021).
Barriers and Challenges
KiN has encountered barriers along the way but has found ways to overcome them, or persevered right through them.
However, these barriers should be considered carefully by communities who are considering creating a not-for profit
community telecommunications society.
Some of these barriers include permitting or policy challenges, funding or cost-related obstacles, and geospatial issues.
For example, permitting and infrastructure building policies come with an extensive set of compliance requirements
that any connectivity organization must meet in order to build their infrastructure. Another challenge is the mandated
timeframe in which an organization must build their infrastructure as a stipulation of their grant funding. It can take
quite some time for supplies to arrive if they are ordered internationally, which limits the amount of time left available
to actually build the infrastructure. This becomes even more of a challenge as winter approaches and the ground begins
to harden and freeze (KIN2 2021). If this time sensitivity is to be resolved, it must be done by negotiating with structural
and financial regulators to extend the allotted window of time where an organization is permitted to build.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The overarching goal of the Digital Readiness project is to better understand the different models of community
involvement in connectivity that exist and the related benefits and challenges in order to inform other communities.
Some of the success factors of KiN’s approach to connectivity and key takeaways of this project are discussed below.
Based on the analyzed data, we were able to identify that KiN has been successful due to the combination of four key
success factors: their strong and experienced leadership, strategic community partnerships, appropriate funding, and
community focus.
Leadership: KiN’s social capital and leadership is a large contributing factor to their success. Their leadership team
possesses a unique and extensive collection of skills, including electrical, construction, engineering, business, and
network operation experience. Some of KiN’s leaders also had experience with permitting requirements and
international shipping and purchasing practices form their previous career experiences which was extremely helpful to
KiN. In addition to voluntarily contributing their time, the initial founders also contributed a significant amount of
startup capital before KiN was able to secure grant funding. The hard work and dedication of KiN’s staff and volunteer
board should also be recognized.
Partnerships: According to interviewees, a critical partnership that KiN has is with the Columbia Basin Broadband
Corporation (CBBC), whose fibre backbone connects KiN’s last mile services to the internet exchanges in Vancouver and
10

Calgary. In addition to lending KiN their infrastructure, CBBC has helped KiN coordinate grant funding applications on
occasion, so that they can continue expanding their community network and bringing strong connectivity to these rural
communities. Additionally, KiN’s close cooperative relationship with the Village of Kaslo has proved to be an asset.
Funding: KiN has received multiple funding opportunities from municipal, provincial, and federal sources. Some of
these sources include Network BC (Connecting Communities), Connecting Canadians federal grants, Columbia Basin
Broadband Corporation (CBBC), Northern Development Initiative Trust (NDIT), and Regional District Central Kootenay
(RDCK). As mentioned above, startup capital was also contributed by founding local citizens (KIN2 2021). Consistent
and generous funding has allowed KiN to establish itself and the expansive network that services the North Kootenay
Lake communities.
Community Focus: Throughout KiN’s history, the non-profit organization has maintained its community focus by
dedicating itself fully to the community and evolving to fulfill the community’s needs at the given time. In 1996, when
students required connectivity for their studies, the original founders of KiN connected them. When the community
was later faces by high toll charges imposed by a larger telecommunications company, KiN adjusted its focus again to
subvert these. Now, when the North Kootenay Lake communities need reliable connectivity, KiN build a robust and
innovative network to serve the communities and help keep them viable. KiN’s standing as a non-profit is also a reason
that the organization has been able to become successful, given the spread and small population of the North Kootenay
Lake communities do not typically present a compelling enough business case to attract larger telecommunications
providers. This versatility, dedication, and non-profit standing have made a significant impact on the community and
have helped to make KiN the success it is today.
What KiN has accomplished here is unique and special, as rural communities are each unique and special. Each of the
above defining variables contributed to KiN’s success as a community organization, with a special emphasis on
maintaining strong leadership and community focus. Through our exploration of rural connectivity in British Columbia,
our research supports the idea that a non-profit is the most promising connectivity model for a community with similar
demographic and geographic conditions. These considerations could be adapted to fit any rural community looking to
undertake their own connectivity initiative.
It is worth noting KiN’s innovative approach to connectivity technology and infrastructure. While unique and innovative,
the research indicates that the above factors were more influential on their success. This technology is accessible,
affordable, and deployable in any rural community, and far more easily deployable in rural areas because there is little
or no existing infrastructure to contend with in those areas (KIN1 2021).
Potential future research could include a longer exploration into the rural case study community, so as to overcome
the time limitation and the vacation-related absences that are typical in summer. This would allow the conduction of
more interviews, especially at the higher two levels (local external, big picture), to help ensure that no perspectives
were missed. Additionally, there is limited information available pertaining to connectivity and KiN’s operations in the
small North Kootenay Lake communities due to their low population density and the unincorporated status of some of
the smaller service areas. Exploring the circumstances of these smaller communities could potentially fill in any
potential knowledge gaps.

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BPE2, interview by McKenna Dubois. 2021. Digital Readiness: An Evaluation of Rural Broadband Models
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Breen, S.-P., Weeden, A., Nigam, I., & Dubois, M. (2021a). Rural Connectivity Models (Digital Readiness:
An Evaluation of Rural Broadband Models in British Columbia).
Breen, S.-P., Weeden, A., Nigam, I., & Dubois, M. (2021b). Evaluation Process (Digital Readiness: An
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