November 6, 1985.

FERRARO'S

a Western Canadian Company

YOUR SATISFACTION
IS OUR MAIN CONCERN:

mane

_502-12th Ave., Genelle SEAT AUERISHED "DUPLEX 2

2 CONVENIENT LOCATIONS TO SERVE YOU
* CASTLEAIRD PLAZ * DOWNTOWN

Reaithi 7 perereds 3 EASY CHOICE

THE LAST SPIKE . . . Without a doubt one of the most
famous historical photographs in Canada, the
Driving of the Last Spike was shot by Alexander
Ross at Craigellachie, B.C. on Nov. 7, 1885, at 9:22
a.m., Pacific Time. The Hon. Donald A. Smith, later
to become Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal, drives

Railroading changed

home an or e, completing the tran-
scontinental line between the Atlantic and Pacitic
oceans. Smith is flanked on the left by Sanford
Fleming (top hat and white beard) and by W.C Van
Horne (hand in pocket, peas CP Rol Proto

in last 100 years

Editor's note: Just about everything has changed in
the centory since the last spike was driven to’complete
Canadian Pacific Railway's transcontinental track on
Nov. 7, 1885. The steam engine and the telegraph key are
long gone, and automobiles and airplanes have now
replaced the railway as the most popular modes of travel.
The following story looks at developments in railroading
in the past 100 years.

By DAVID GERSOVITZ
ie Canadian Press

If William Van Horne and the other founders of the
Canadian Pacific Railway came back today, they'd have a
hard time recognizing their railway — or railroading.

Just about everything has changed in the century
since the last spike was driven on the transcontinental
railway on Nov. 7, 1885.

The steam engine is long gone, replaced by massive
diesel locomotives hauling freight trains larger than Van
Horne and his colleagues envisioned in their wildest
dreams. The telegraph key no longer taps out messages,

‘The steam engine is long
gone, replaced by
massive diesel
locomotives’

and the army of clerks needed to log the progress of each
boxcar has yielded to computers.

But the biggest change has been in the role of
railways. In the 1880s — before cars, trucks or airplanes
— the train was our omnium gatherum, carrying all
manner of freight a few ki ii

the 1950s, di were
steam power throughout. North America.

Steam engines were powerful, but very. labor
intensive; a steam engine firebox had to be cleaned daily.
Boilers needed frequent cleaning and inspection.

Diesels could run much farther without servicing.
They were more efficient from a standing start, allowing
for further increases'in train size. While each steam
engine needed an engineer and firemen, one crew could
operate several diesels on the same train.

-By 1960, steam had disappeared from service, a
lucky few saved from the scrap-heap’ for tourist

i and railway The switch to diesel
was a catalyst for huge workforce changes, often
accompanied by labor strife.

In 1952, Canadian National Ratlways employed over
100,000 people on rail operations, moving 88.6 billion
gross ton-miles in freight traffic. Last year, CN Rail, as it
calls itself now, employed fewer than 50,000. But its
freight taffic rose to 175 billion gross ton-miles.

In the not-too-distant future, “you may get down to
25,000 or 20,000 (people) — and that's moving more
tonnage,” says John Cann, who retired early thjs-year as
CN's vice-president of operations.

It’s not just new technology in locomotives. Better
materials, robots and sensors are
taking jobs away from people, making the dislocation of
staff a major headache for Canadian railways.- +

Canadian National and Canadian Pacific have more
capacity in their six major maintenance shops than they
need, says Cann.

BUILT TANKS
During the Second World War, CP Rail's Angus
shops in Montreal employed as many as 14,000 people. It

or across a

Now, they are no longer the prime mover of people,

and freight trains increasingly specialize in hauling huge
quantities of the same product over long distances.

In 1985, 108-car coal trains roll between coal fields in
Alberta and British Columbia to West Coast ports,
loading and unloading at automated terminals — an
average of 10,000 tonnes a train.

And there are grain, sulphur and potash trains,
occasionally even a train carrying just mandarin oranges.
Of course, there are still mixed freight trains, but they
carry cars, heavy machinery, ocean containers and
boxcars across thousands of kilometres.

FINDS NICHE

“Rail really finds its niche today in its efficient
hauling of large volumes between fixed points,” says
Omer Lavallee, Canadian Pacific Ltd.'s corporate
historian. “Your mixed train that carried your Aunt
Minnie and her canary and a box of peaches and a piece of
farm machinery for Aylmer, Que., is gone forever.”

i The lives of many Canadians were touched by early
steam trains. Steam engines in Van Horne's era could
only manage about 125 miles (220 kilometres) a day. The
CPR, like all railways in the steam age, was laid out in
subdivisions of roughly 125 miles, at the end of which was
a terminal with water, fuel and a roundhouse.

The terminals became towns, and évery. second one
usually turned into a base for rail workers. Some of the
latter — North Bay, Ont., Thunder Bay, Ont., Winnipeg,
Brandon, Man., Moose Jaw, Sask., and Medicine Hat,
Alta. — are still important rail centres.

Trains in the 1880s were small: usually fewer than 20
freight cars, with a capacity of 30 tons each. The next 50
years saw an explosion in train size, as steam power was
pushed to its zenith. _

Development of larger engines resulted in the switch
from wooden to steel cars in the early 1900s. That in turn
begat larger locomotives, heavier rail, more speed and
progressively longer trains.

The 1920s, says Lavallee, were the halcyon days of
steam technology. Few major innovations followed. By

built ir even tanks for the war effort. Now,
many of the buildings have been torn down, and the
workforce has dwindled to 1,400.

Machines that lay track have reduced-the size of
track gangs. Some of the inspection of trains is done by
electronic sensors.

The new General Motors SD-60 locomotives, with
3,800 horsepower, are more than twice as powerful as
models built in the mid-1950s.

New advanced train control systems are just over
the horizon to regulate train movements more efficiently
with the help of and fib: pti

Railways, says Cann, are being driven inexorably
toward these changes by the technological improvements
of competitors, especially the trucking industry.

What lies ahead? Thirty or 40 years down the line. -

says Cann, only one person may be needed to run a train
instead of three or four — and that person may just be a
backup to automatic systems.

TRAINS DECLINED

Passenger trains went into decline in Canada during
the 1950s as super highways were built. In the rest of the
world, high-speed electric trains like France's TGV or
Japan's Bullet have brought a new lustre to the future of
passenger trains.

Trains like that probably won't be seen in Canada
this century because of their high infrastructure costs,
the lack of suitable markets, and Ottawa's determination
to reduce subsidies for passenger trains.

Despite possessing huge hydropower capacity,
Canada still continues to avoid railway electrification,
although the British Columbia Railway has gone electric
on its new Tumbler Ridge line.

Electric trains are cheaper to operate than diesels
and more durable. But railroaders argue the huge costs of
converting to electric outweigh potential savings so long
as hydrocarbon fuels are _Plentifal

Nor is ion the only ive. Ameri
manufacturers are looking at coal-fired electric locomo-
tives, and some railroaders even talk of. future fuels like
hydrogen.

Until 9 p.m. Thursdays and Fridays.

Prices effective until Saturday,

November 9, 1985

FRESH FRESH ALBERTA PORK

Government inspected pork
cut into chops

whole pork
loin —

4.14 ks i Ib.

16’ in stock, other sizes available
Now at introductory p:

Henne’s Marina

On the Arrow Lakes, 2% miles from Castlegar.

365-3219

‘stort that wondertu!
with our
Quaury v WEDDING,
“ANVIT:

ond rinted rds esaisories!
Woe have o far
choose fram
$ Wedding Invitations
si Medding Announcements

Monogrammed Napkins
lace Cards

Personalized Book Matches
Bridal Book

s
jocial Stationery

informals

alte DISCOUNT FOR CASH

REMINGTON 721, 270-calibre
complete with scope, case. $375.
365-3608.

SWEDEN ice crear machine.
oil fi 9 pump. 4 8- it outside
fluorescent lights, 365-7600. 3/87

H78-15 tubeless: 1 summer H7

GREAT PRICE

Government inspected poultry @ frozen

roasting chicken

..99

PERSHUE

“special «= Za

Canada utility
° 5lb. avg.

2.18ks

cut from Canada grade A beef

stewing beef —

1.59

ver Card-Offer Good Thru Nov. 9/85

up to 5 Ib.
(2.26 kg)

3.51 ks

With One Filled Super Sa

Ferrwood or Ovenfresh hamburger or

hot dog buns

.99

dozen
package

Government inspected pork
fresh shoulder

pork butt steak

LO

With One Filled Super sive Card Offer ia Thru Nov. 9/85

up to 5 Ib.

Robin Hood ¢ unbleached ¢ whole wheat

all purpose flour

a
With 2 Filled Super Saver Cards Offer Good Thru Nov. 9/85

GREAT PRICE

SuperValu

ice cream

4.3.18

STATIONERY SUPPLIES
PHOTOCOPYING
WEDDING STATIONERY
GENERAL PRINTING

Bae) Kel Prinb&k-;

Hogar. Phone. 365-

Let the Castlegar News help you
occasion

ge selection to

197 Columbia

TEN/87

Writers Guild

BOOK SALE
Nov. 9

Donors .. . Please call
Jim Chapman at

- 365-8022

FORD CUSTOM 500 car for
Rebuilt motor ¢/w 2 sum-

15 tubeless: 1 summer ‘78-15

ube! 855-15 summer
tubeless. 365-2932. 3/88
WAGON WHEEL bunk beds and
mattress. 8-years-old. $350. 365-
6316 after 5 p.m. tin/86

623 Columbia Avenue
6385

ERY:

Ra
eK special = Zam

Old South ¢ frozen concentrate

orange juice

Kraft ¢ regular and light
miracle whip

salad dressing

ak

jith One Filled Super Saver Card Offer Good Thru Nov. 9/85

California grown ° Canada no. 1

head lettuce

.-49

1.08 xs

YS
“SPECIAL «= Zam
Kraft

parkay margarine

zx, 2.08

With One Filled Super Saver Card Offer Good Thru Nov. 9/85

WS
ae

California grown ¢ sweet Satsuma

mandarins

xe Dead

With One Filled Super Saver Card Offer Good Thru Nov. 9/85

California grown ¢ Canada no. 1

cauliflower

..99

2.18 ks

uipmen:
ORY firewood, fir, larch. 365-
3467. 7/88

BEEHIVES live bees and related
equipment. COS NE O/68,

OPEN 7 DAYS A WEEK
Salmo

357-2118

VISION
SATELLITE

used for vapor

tion. These

Complete aysterns 25 or. more! <0 6

riers and any
kind of miscellaneous construc-
used printing press
x 36 inches)

piotes 1.009 =x 24 tes

SALES efile Sie
35 conte root 13 to To 24 a Radi
each; ts le
Al S,

Sienna at

*1200

On the spot financing
available O.A.C.

RUSSELL
AUCTION HOUSE

New & Used
Furniture for Sale

Phone 399-4793

View at
HILLTOP SERVICE
Or Call
LORNE FELLOWS
365-2925

APPLES. Twice as good at halt
rice of store produce. Palmers
Oborne’s) 3633 Broadwater
oad. Ph. 365-7873. 7/84

FOUR 14” M&S radial tires én
Botsun truck rims, like “new,
$200; Datsun _1400° CC motor, Program ‘ever

It with 20,000 miles, and we joce. your
$

r CLASSIFIED
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INFORMATION

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7 Insertions for Price
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are Also Available

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subsequent consecutive inser-
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cash, cheque or Visa and
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not advisable to send cash
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———

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Order by Mail
Print your Action Ad on.a
separate piece of paper and
mail fo:

Action Ads

eves
the cone to classify ods under
ppropriate headings and to
determine page location.
Homan Rights Act
All advertisements such as
Help Wanted must comply
with the British Columbia
Humen Rights Act. This Act
states no advertisement moy
state or imply a

race, religion, colour, marital
status, ancestry, place of
age.

00

. fit 16ft wall, han 700,000 homes. You
rass curtain tod
(00. 365-

made lined dra;
$100; onnque
to fit curtain:

KENMORE

$7 oH
emmodere. ic 20 data,
y

Models & Crafts

Also Hobby Supplies
° For most ages
MAJOR © Special orders taken
APPLIANCES REPAIRED © Personal Service
: ; Tues. - Thurs. — 9.a.m.-5 p.m.
Fri. — 9-8 p.m. Sot. 9-5 p.m.
THE COURTYARD
Downtown Square
623 Columbia Ave

OR’
cord: 365-6342.

B&C HOME APPLIANCES
REPAIR LTD.
365-5451 or 364-0411

BOLENS snowblower 8 H.P. sell-

starter. Also 4 Ford car rims, 14-

aml: 3/88 and service. 693-2369.

USED GUNS bought and sold.

Cosh or trade. Wises Hardware,
362-517’ in

1o-FT. ALUMINUM, 8 BOAT iwith
small motor. $300. 365:

GENERAL ELECTRIC fridge, $300
hone 365-2283 otter 3

vertising
=for. $119. pet

ch; custom word” Bionker™ Bcssinee ‘od i in

IF

FILTER QUEEN VACUUM — Parts
10/79

Rights Branch).

Two-Gallon
PAILS
ONLY

*1.50

EACH

Heavy duty all-purpose
plastic pails with tight-fitting
covers and handles.
Need cleaning. $1.50 each.

COMFORTABLE easy chairs in CASTLEGAR NEWS
chairs. in
eee tiiae All vat 197 Ce Ave.

Downtown seiigve
365-3737

SNOWTHROWERS

* THE
FOR TOUGH CUSTOMERS:

693-2382 5125:

tin/89

For Better or For Worse®

by Lynn Johnston

EXCELLENT 2 bdrm. house. with

diti
Century
Agencies fordarater sesatTas

Sick OF BueS!
HOW COME WE GOT SO

SHE SAID | WAS DRM. rurniah od
BUGGING HER.

dy
Ra: ery Villa, ailob
fara, $250 Plus vilites

Ran aa Own — so
newly renovated 2 bdrm. mobi

{OOM bachelor suite. piiliies
incloded $175/month. 365-3428.

WITH OPTION TO BUY. New
large 3b centrally located,
7/89

FREE ESTIMATES

Call George Ross
Shop Manager

fiasco 1, bdrm. bachelor

suite. Burrard Apts. Available

= 3/89

LE HOME with basement on

ate lot. Natural gas.
/month, 365-6542. __tin/

WOODLAND PARK
HOUSING CO-OP

SURPLUS sealed units. ‘4 pri
Speedy Auto Glass. 365.2195, vas

PERFECT for Christmas givin;
Cabbage Patch Dell Outlits,, fe
$8. 365-6

Tw of size road
skates. Excellent condition, very
little use $40 each 0.8.0. 365,

RENT
‘THIS
SPACE
365-5210

INGLIS washer, good workini
Condition. $150.'365-2858- 3/8
Two PACHELIN redial snow
tires. P165/80

atte). vExcellen condition,
‘$100. 365-7 3/89

Otters otfordable fomily units. Lorge 2
ond 3 bedroom townhouse suites. newly

: Run ‘the same © Wei cleiilied ad in ines consecutive.

issues of the Castlegcr N 4 and 2 ch ho” AB only for the —
one is

first two ads .
CHARGE.

Aluminum
Sheets

24%" x 36"

1 to 12 — 75¢ Each
13 to 24 — 60¢ Each
25 or More — 50¢ Each
CASTLEGAR NEWS
197 Columbia Avenue

‘astlegar

FRANKLIN fireplace, like new.
$75. Wood $200

or older gen
3/88

2-BEDROOM house in Robson,
$300/month. 365-6691. 7/88
COMMERCIAL SULOING Shop

. ft. For

location,

Columbia, 365-3212, 365-5104.
3/87

2 BDRM. duplex. Fridge. stove.

0.8.0. ceenE

gow
Sone. 68.2 rd loads

PROVINCE-WIDE
CLASSIFIED

$10 DISCOUNT FOR CASH!
365-2212

Collus
SS

for details!
Castlegar News

itn/75

Classified Ads

BEGINNERS skis and bindings
150 cm, $20. 365-6730. 3/88

Street loni
play records. $10. 359-7193. 3/87

SET of 4 Sesamee St

Reasonably priced. 365-8336.
7/85

REBOUNDERS designed fo exer- INCLUDE THE PRICE: When od-
site every cell in your items for

TaEANG railroad

processor. 365-2729.

You may advertise in this column
free of charge. Up
e advertised, but the ar-

ATTENTION

LOGGERS

FOR SALE a
Assorted Chain repair parts, in-
cluding side chain, side links,
cross. chain, -end hooks, side
hooks, swivel hooks and monkey
links . . . to tit logging trucks, pick-
ups and loaders. Some complete
chains available.

FOR DETAILS CONTACT
Arden Gran
Westar Timber, Nakusp
265-3612

REGISTERED. Quarter horse
7253,

| mare, 8 years old. 359-

3/87

es No pets. Available
Rov. 1. 365-6273.

MARANATHA COURT

6 “One
month free on one year lease.
Box 3506, Castlegar, 8.C. 365.
716} of 365-5071 Re ‘

ONE 2-bdrm. house; two 3-bdrm.
houses. No pets. Robson area.
S119. 3/88

OWNER OUT OF COUNTRY; sran-
party to rent both

Unite in Naupioe lor $440/per

month. Party must occupy one of

the units but can keep rental

from ot

option to purchase

ONE BDRM. SUITE. All utilities
included.
fireplace. $300. 365-6011. 7/83

CABIN, fully furnished. Washer. °
dryer, ‘stove, trig... TV, dishes.
appliance bedding.
Phone a

e
p.m. 359-7913.
3/87
MODERN 3-5 bedroo:
desirable. 11th. Ave.
imo. For more information,
hone Karen at Century 21
jountainview A\ Utd. 365-
2111 of 365-3739.
THREE-bedroom house, good
location. Available immediately.
175. 365-2554. 3/87

ADTIONAL

-bedrgom benement suite.
Shiites included. $: =
3/87

between _
Available
immediately 359- 7 3/87

Color Ca!
ain utilities included.

Private entrance,

1 lot
Ray Bystrom.. 365-2111 or “Ses.

CLASSIFIED

SHOWCASE

G cl
rout $265/month. Available
N 248.

Bring your car, truck, snow blower, boat, motor
home or whatever to the Castlegar News and
we'll take a photo. (Or bring your own picture of
some. item, such as a snowmobile or a dining
room suite.) For information phone 365-5210.

$250.
Sted 195.6208 collect, alter 6
p.m. 7/85

CEDAR MANOR

SMALL com two-bedroom
house in Brilliant, '$250/month,
Pee
2-BDRM

Basement. South ‘Castlegar. 365-
6586 3/88

FURNISHED on
- yownoven
30 t to:

DRM in. Shoreacres
S280! month 3 359-7894. 3/88
ONE BDRM. house on Columbia

in South Castlegar. 365
a

FOR REN

condo, S. NT...
ridge. ond stove. fully co

SPACIOUS and deluxe one bdrm.
suite. Furnis! with, wiilities
$225/ month. Robson. 365-
te 75
3 BDRM. HOUSE. Unturnished
No pets, $385/month. 365-6213.
365-7221. tin/73
TRAILERS FOR RENT. Pads
suitable for 14° wides. Cedar
Crest Trailer Court. 365-6158.
ttn) 57

* Ideal
special floor
1&2 bedroom units
Fridge and Range inclided
Very clean and Homey
Would Furnish on Request
Ask for more information
Senior C 's retiring plan

PH: 365-6213
or 365-7661

This space available for:

Campers, Motorcycles, Snowmobiles,
Tents, Motor Homes, Boats, Snow
Blowers, Furnaces, Cars, Trucks, Dining
Room Suites, Chesterfields, etc., etc.

Bring a photo, or bring the item _—_
and we'll take the picture. —

Phone 365-5210

1 BDRM, hou:

TWO BORM. mobile home in
Robson,

REGISTERED |S Sheltie pups, 5:
weeks 7/89

oes 8 SOARDED: Alcoa Ke:
Salmo. one

facilities available,
ion call 365-6213.

ROSSLAND — 3 bdrm. house.

Stove/fridge. | $350/month.
le immediately.

5645 after 5. ‘in/82

399-4161
7 Days a Week!

ATTENTION

The Gulf Station
in Thrums will be operated
by the original owners —

MOORE'S SERVICE
AUTO REPAIRS

1978 Dodge 150 Club Cab 4x4

400 V-8 auto., complete with canopy.
Asking $5000.

Phone 365-3608

Three bedroom, 1,000 sq. ft. 100x150 lot, 1 block
to. school. Back door to shopping. 2704-Sth
Avenue Castlegar.Priced high $308. View by ap-
pointment.

Call 365-5608