History

2l6

Castlegar:
for:

S e t t l e m e n t and Develo-oment
t o 1930.

C r a i g Andrews

March 3 I ,

19?6

by C a t h e r i n e

SELKIRK C 0 L L ! I G 2

USRAHY

CASVII;GA3, B, C.

Harrison

C a s t l e g a r , s i t u a t e d a t t h e convergence
Columbia

of t h e Kootenay

and

R i v e r s , was slow i n d e v e l o p i n g as a commujiity i n compar-

i s o n t o o t h e r i n t e r i o r towns, a l t h o u g h today i t i s seen as
o f t h e key communities

i n the

Kootenays,

The f i r s t v/hite man known t o have seen t h i s area was
Thompson, who

one

t r a v e l l e d dovm t h e Columbia R i v e r i n I 8 I I ,

w o u l d be d i f f i c u l t t o say t h a t he may

David
It

have imagined t h a t

one

day t h e r e would be a community t h e r e , f o r C a s t l e g a r a t t k a t
t i m e x^ras n o t h i n g b u t f o r e s t .
The area around C a s t l e g a r s t a r t e d opening up i n t h e l a t e
1880's.

I n t h e year 1888, G i l b e r t S p r o a t , a g o l d

commissioner

i n t h e Kootenays, had a house b u i l t i n t h e area known as "Sproat's
Landing."

A l t h o u g h no one knows f o r sure where Sproat's Landing

a c t u a l l y was,

i t seems q u i t e l i k e l y t h a t i t was a t t h e

convergence

of t h e two r i v e r s , on t h e same s i d e as H a d i k i n ' s Lumber M i l l ,
but

c l o s e r t o where t h e r i v e r s meet.
I n an u n p u b l i s h e d manuscript by Edward Alexander P i c a r d ,

who

vjorked i n t h e area a t t h e t i m e , he mentions b u i l d i n g a warehouse
a t Sproat's Landing, as w e l l as a b r i d g e across a back channel.
He a l s o mentions a s a l o o n (which was a t e n t ) and a hotel,owned
'by George G i l p i n , b o t h s i t u a t e d about a m i l e below

Sproat's

Landing, on t h e bank j u s t above Kootenay Rapids.

There x^^as a

p a c k - t r a i l f r o m Hobson t o Nelson a t t h a t t i m e and one can imagine
t h e weary t r a v e l e r s s t o p p i n g i n a t the s a l o o n f o r a break.
Robson was a l s o b r i e f l y mentioned i n t h e account and a t
t h a t t i m e i t was a l o a d i n g - u n l o a d i n g area f o r t h e steamers.
The boats c o u l d n o t t r a v e l up t h e Kootenay R i v e r due t o t h e
rapids, therefore

t h e f r e i g h t goir^^ t o Nelson had t o be shipped

2

f r o m Robson t o Nelson by pack-horse.

This s i t u a t i o n was

eased

c o n s i d e r a b l y by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n 6 f t h e r a l l x ^ a y f r o m Nelson t o
Robson i n I 8 9 2 ,
Prom evidence

i n a j o u r n a l by a man named l a i n g , i t appears

t h a t Robson vrasn't always i n i t ' s p r e s e n t day l o c a t i o n , b u t t h a t
i t was f i r s t

l o c a t e d on t h e east s i d e of Pass Creek.

This seems

t o be supported by P i c a r d ' s m a n u s c r i p t , f o r a l t h o u g h he
a c t u a l l y say t h a t Robson was

i n a d i f f e r e n t place, i t i s often

spoken of as b e i n g much c l o s e r t o Sproat's
w o u l d be now.

doesn't

Landing t h a n i t

The f o r m e r l o c a t i o n would have been i d e a l f o r

d o c k i n g purposes because i t x^as p a r t i a l l y s h e l t e r e d , and t h e
w a t e r t h e r e vrould n o t have been s w i f t .
A l t h o u g h I do n o t knovj t h e date t h a t Robson was raox'-ed t o
i t s p r e s e n t ^ a o s i t i o n , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t i t was

before I89O, f o r

a t t h a t t i m e , West Robson came i n t o b e i n g as a

transportation

t e r m i n a l , and i t i s d i r e c t l y across f r o m p r e s e n t day Robson,
A p o s s i b l e cause f o r t h e more i s t h a t t h e area f a r t h e r upr i v e r , where Robson i s now,

x^as a more convenient

f o r t h e Arrow Lakes Steamers t o p u l l i n .
the

locationf

I t would appear t h a t

o l d Robson dock x^iould have been k e p t , p r o b a b l y under t h e

name of Sproat's

Landing, as a dock f o r t h e steamers coming

up t h e Columbia R i v e r f r o m T r a i l , and t h a t t h i s

disappeared

a f t e r water t r a v e l d w i n d l e d o f f i n t h a t s e c t i o n of t h e Columbia
R i v e r by t h e t i m e t h a t t h e r a i l w a y vias
in

c o n s t r u c t e d t o Robson

1898.
I n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1888,

a 3cotchm.an, James McClary, got a

c h a r t e r f o r a f e r r y across t h e r i v e r near Robson.

I t seems

lifefely t h a t t h i s would be o l d Robson and t h e f e r r y p r o b a b l y
went across j u s t west o f t h e o l d Robson dock.
a r t i c l e s t a t e s t h a t KcGlary

The P i c a r d

s t a k e d a homestead on t h e west

s i d e o f t h e r i v e r and had b u i l t a l o g c a b i n .
calculations are correct, t h i s

'Afould

I f a l l other

p l a c e t h e homestead some-

where i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f main s t r e e t and e i g h t h avenue inp r e s e n t day C a s t l e g a r .
the

first

I t ean be s a f e l y assumed t h a t t h i s was

home, or b u i l d i n g o f any s o r t , i n C a s t l e g a r ,

The f e r r y was a l a r g e one f o r t h a t p e r i o d , and c o u l d
c a r r y e i g h t Eiorses w i t h t h e i r packs i n one t r i p .

The boat

vxas p r o p e l l e d by t w e n t y - f o o t svreeps, and i f t h e ferrj'-man d i d
n o t make t h e l a n d i n g i n a q u a r t e r o f a m i l e , he and t h e boat
vjould be swept i n t o t h e Kootenay Rapids, where he would have
had

l i t t l e chance of g e t t i n g o u t .
I n 1889, t h e S e s s i o n a l Papers r e c o r d t h e b u i l d i n g o f a

t r a i l c o n n e c t i n g t h e t r a i l coming up f r o m C o l v i l l e w i t h Toad
Mou-ntain Camp, a camp on t h e east s i d e o f t h e Kootenay R i v e r ,
upstream f r o m Shoreacres.

During t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e t r a i l

a b r i d g e was b u i l t near Sproat's Iranding.
t h i s i s t h e same b r i d g e mentioned

I n a l l probability,

i n Picard's account.

The

b r i d g e was 396 f e e t l o n g and wen t across a back channel.

This

v;as p r o b a b l y over t h e low l a n d i n t h e area j u s t u p r i v e r f r o m
Sproat's

l a n d i n g , j u s t b e f o r e t h e bend i n t h e r i v e r .

This r o a d

w o u l d have f a c i l i t a t e d t r a v e l by -oack-horse from Robson t o Nels
L i t t l e e l s e i s known o f Sproat's

Landing.

I n t h e I89O

V o t e r ' s L i s t i n t h e B.C. S e s s i o n a l Papers, t h r e e men f r o m
Sproat's Landing were l i s t e d as b e i n g e l i g i b l e t o v o t e .

These

were Thomas Duncan Dunlop, a l a b o u r e r , John Ayton Gibson,
miner, and A l b e r t McCleary, f e r r y m a n .
account ims

a

The f e r r y m a n i n P i c a r d ' s

l i s t e d as James KcClary, so i t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e

t h a t t h e y are e i t h e r t h e sarae person a r t h a t t b e y a r e r e l a t e d .
I n t h e n e x t feu y e a r s , t h e r e was

slow p r o g r e s s i n t h e way

of more and improved t r a i l s and r a i l i v a y s .
mentioned

Several t r a i l s

are

i n t h e S e s s i o n a l Paper, a l t h o u g h most of them are n o t

e x p l i c i t enough t o be p i n n e d dovm.

I n I 8 9 I t h e Columbia-Nelson

t r a i l vjas b u i l t , and i t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s caro.e f r o m
Nelson t o t h e m.eeting o f t h e Kootenay and Columbia R i v e r s , t h e n
perhaps t r a v e l l e d dovm towards T r a i l .
was

That sam-e year a t r a i l

c l e a r e d f r o m Sproat t o T r a i l Creek.

trail

There tvas a l r e a d y a

i n t h a t approximate area, coming from as f a r as

so i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h i s was

Colville,

an improvement o f t h e o l d t r a i l .

The next y e a r , I892, r e c o r d s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Sproat
C a t t l e t r a i l , ivhich connected w i t h a t r a i l t o Nelson.

Also i n

t h i s year, t h e Columbia and Kootenay r a i l x ^ a y was b u i l t , c o n n e c t i n g
Robson and Nelson.
in

T h i s would have been a major b r e a k t h r o u g h

t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t n t h i s area, as f r e i g h t

s h i p p e d by t r a i n i n s t e a d o f by packhorse

c o u l d nov; be

t o and from

Nelson,

I n t h e n e x t two y e a r s , r a i l w a y l i n e s were b u i l t c o n n e c t i n g
Nakusp and t h e Slocan Lake, and c o n n e c t i n g Slocan C i t y and
Slocan j u n c t i o n .
Robson l i n e .

The l a t t e r l i n e connected w i t h t h e Nelson-

At t h i s t i ^ e , t h e area was

opening up f o r t r a n s -

p o r t a t i o n , and t h i s no doubt p l a y e d a l a r g e r o l e i n t h e growth
in

t h e Kootenays,

5

I n I895, a n o t h e r s e t t l e m e n t i n t h e area sprang up.
Waterloo, d i r e c t l y across t h e r i v e r f r o m 1st

was

Kinnaird.

Waterloo was

f i r s t settled

avenue i n

i n I895 by Hiram l a n d i s ,

\%'ho d i s c o v e r e d i r o n ore capt-'ings t h e r e .

Soon t h e xTord spread

and by I896 t h e r e were fabout ^0 houses t h e r e .
Waterloo's

This

At t h e peak o f

e x i s t e n c e , i t boasted 3 h o t e l s , a b l a c k s m i t h shop,

a g e n e r a l s t o r e and post o f f i c e , a l a r g e s t a b l e , an Opera House,
a h o s p i t a l , a Methodist Church, and a s c h o o l .
s c h o o l , which opened i n I897, was
i n the Castlegar v i c i n i t y .

the f i r s t

The

Waterloo

s c h o o l t o be opened

However, i n t h e S e s s i o n a l Papers,

the

Waterloo s c h o o l i s o n l y mentioned

f o r two y e a r s , having

15

p u p i l s t h e f i r s t year, t h e n 14.

was

p r o b a b l y due t o t h e d w i n d l i n g p o p u l a t i o n of t h e community.

The

c l o s i n g of t h e s c h o o l

By t h e t u r n of t h e c e n t u r y , •A'aterloo x-jas b e g i n n i n g t o d i e
away.
ore,

This may

have been because of i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s o f

or l a c k or t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r t h e o r e , or perhaps i t was

because t h e K l o n d i k e g o l d - r u s h o f I898 drew t h e miners away.
Most l i k e l y i t was

a c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e t h r e e causes,

-Another community which began a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same
t i m e as Waterloo was

Montgomery, w h i c h was

l o c a t e d about a

m i l e u p r i v e r , p r o b a b l y on t h e l a n d where t h e Doukhobor v i l l a g e
i s now

located.

I was

unable t o f i n d out a n y t h i n g about

this

settlement.
I n I898 t h e Waterloo - North Pork Salmon R i v e r t r a i l vjas
b u i l t f r o m Waterloo t o t h e Nelson and P o r t Sheppard Railway,
across the d i v i d e .

Three years l a t e r , i n 1901, t h e

Waterloo

t r a i l was b u i l t by Onandaga Mines, con'-.ecting Waterloo
the

Salmo r e g i o n .

with

These two t r a i l s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y i n t h e

6

area of t h e C a s t l e g a r - Salmo highway t h a t i s p r e s e n t l y b e i n g
constructed.
By 1898,

t h e T r a i l - Robson d i v i s i o n of t h e Columbia and

Western Railway was
was

19 3/10

finished.

The t o t a l d i s t a n c e of t h e r a i l w a y

m i l e s , f r o m t h e Smelter H i l l S t a t i o n i n T r a i l t o

a p o i n t o p p o s i t e t h e CPR

S t a t i o n a t Robson,

u n t i l t h e CPR

b u i l t i n 1902,

b r i d g e was

Prom t h i s

r a i l t r a f f i c had t o be

b a r g e d across t h e Columbia R i v e r a t West Robson.

1900,

time

By t h e year

t h e Columbia and Western l i n e vras b u i l t , l i n k i n g

Deadwood,

Midway, Phoenix, and Grand Porks w i t h West Robson, t h e n w i t h
T r a i l and

Rossland.

Even i n 1900,

C a s t l e g a r was

s t i l l not established, although

Robson appeared t o be slox-jly growing.
voter's l i s t ,

1899

According t o u t h e

t h e r e were 23 J^en i n Robson e l i g i b l e t o v o t e , and

t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n s g i v e a good i n d i c a t i o n o f what Robsonx©s a t
t h a t time.

Going by t h e occupations

l i s t e d , one c o u l d

surmise

t h a t Robson had a t l e a s t one h o t e l , one or more s t o r e s , and
stable.

Other r e s i d e n t s o f Robson i n c l u d e d f a r m e r s ,

woodmen, r a i l r o a d m e n , and
at

labourers.

t h a t t i m e were Prench and
I n an a r t i c l e by T,L.

Scottish,

Bloomer, he mentions t h a t I n I898,

year he a r r i v e d i n C a s t l e g a r , a b r i c k y a r d was

the

west end of where t h e f e r r y

the

i s now

s e t up near

s i t u a t e d on t h e C a s t l e g a r

However, i n H a r o l d Webber's book, "People and

Places",

C a s t l e g a r B r i c k WorSs i s s a i d t o have been moved f r o m

Rossland i n I903.
the

miners,

Most o f t h e r e s i d e n t s

the

side.

a

I t i s most l i k e l y t h a t Welsr^fer's account i s

f a c t u a l one, as Bloomer's a r t i c l e was

reminiscense.

from p e r s o n a l

7

I n 1902,
its

when t h e CPR

b r i d g e was b u i l t ,

slow s e t t l e m e n t i n e a r n e s t .

A CPR

C a s t l e g a r began

s t a t i o n was

w e l l as a b o a r d i n g houee and s e c t i o n houses.
Bloomer a r t i c l e

built,

as

According t o t h e

a a m a l l s t o r e and a frame b u i l d i n g used as a

b o a r d i n g house were b o t h p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e b u i l d i n g of t h e
r a i l v / a y c u t and t h e b r i d g e , b u t b o t h disappeared soon a f t e r w a r d s .
I n 1909

W i l l i a m Gage, t h e S t a t i o n Agent i n C a s t l e g a r ,

the

C a s t l e g a r H o t e l , which i s s t i l l s t a n d i n g .

the

CPR

b o a r d i n g house was

closed.

built

At t h a t t i m e ,

iiround t h e same tlm.e,

W.J.

Farmer opened a sm.all s t o r e and p o s t o f f i c e which was l o c a t e d
where t h e p r e s e n t - d a y West's Department Store now
The f i r s t

s c h o o l was

d e t e r m i n e d , on t h e
novr stands.

opened i n I909; as f a r as canoe

l o c a t i o n where t h e C a s t l e g a r News o f f i c e

The f i r s t

S e s s i o n a l Papers, was

s c h o o l t e a c h e r , as recorded i n t h e
a Kiss V.J.

Bloomer, t h e f i r s t t e a c h e r was
was

stands.

Clyde.

According t o

Tom

Kiss C l a r a B a r c l a y , b u t t h e r e

no r e c o r d of a Miss B a r c l a y ^ t a a c h i n g i n any o f t h e l o c a l

schools.
The Robson s c h o o l ,which was

opened i n t h e same year,

18 p u p i l s , t h e same as t h e C a s t l e g a r s c h o o l .
i n Robson was
was

Mrs. G.

M. M i t c h e l l .

The f i r s t

teacher

At t h i s tim-e, t h e s c h o o l

housed i n t h e church, as the Robson s c h o o l was

until

had

not

built

1914.
By 1910,

b u i l d up.

t h e area around C a s t l e g a r was

I n 1908,

a f e r r y had been b u i l t

also s t a r t i n g t o
from Waterloo t o

"West Waterloo", which i s now t h e Dumont s u b d i v i s i o n of South
CaBtlegar.

The

Doukhobors had a r r i v e d and were s e t t l i n g

on

8

t h e r i v e r f l a t s a t Waterloo and t h e o l d Montgomery t o w n s l t e , i n
what i s now

Ooteschenia.

I n 1907

t h e f l a t s f r o m C a s t l e g a r t o B l u e b e r r y Creek had

been c l e a r e d by l o g g e r s , and soon a f t e r w a r d s a camp was
up a t t h e r a i l w a y
at the

set

s i d i n g o f S t e w a r t s v i l l e , which i s s i t u a t e d

p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n of t h e C a s t l e g a r Plaza.

More roads had been b u i l t s i n c e 1907,

f u r t h e r opening

up

t h e area, b e g i n n i n g v ; i t h t h e Gra^nd Porks - Pass Creek Road,
w h i c h extended

on t h e N o r t h Pork o f f e K e t t l e R i v e r .

I n I909,

t h e S e s s i o n a l Papers mention a Robson Creek Road, b u t I was
unable t o f i n d the l o c a t i o n of t h i s road.
r o a d vras f i r s t mentioned
the

as such i n 1910,

The T r a i l - C a s t l e g a r
and t h e n o t a t i o n i n

S e s s i o n a l Papers t e l l s us t h a t t h e r o a d was

and passable.
By 1913*

2 0 miles long

At t h i s t i m e , a b r i d g e was b u i l t a t Murphy Creek,
t h e suspension b r i d g e a t B r i l l i a n t had Just been

b u i l t , and more roads had been c o n s t r u c t e d .

Now

Robson was

connected v / i t h S y r i n g a Creek, and t h e r o a d f r o m Pass Creek
t h r o u g h t o t h e Doukhobor s e t t l e m e n t a t lo^estova had been
completed.

B r i d g e s had been I n s t a l l e d

a t Pass Creek and a t

Shoreacres,

over t h e Slocan R i v e r , as w e l l as a t B l u e b e r r y

Creek, China Creek and S y r i n g a Creek.
At t h i s t i m e , t h e enrollm.ent a t t h e C a s t l e g a r and Robson
s c h o o l s was

l i i and 2 2 p u p i l s r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

and schools were

a l s o o p e r a t i n g a t Thrums, Deer Park, S y r i n g a Creek and B r i l l i a n t ,
Another major f a c t o r i n the development o f t h e area came
i n 1917,

when t h e C a s t l e g a r f e r r y feegan s e r v i c e .

The

ferry

c r o s s e d t h e Columbia R i v e r a t Castleegar t o Robson, and t h e

original

9

wharves are s l i g h t l y west t o x\rhere t h e y are today.
Also i n 191?,
the

a a i l l was

Plaza J u n c t i o n ) by C.J.

Merry.

opened up on Merry Creak (near

Sahlstrora, B. Anderson, and

D.B.

T h i s m i l l v/as l a t e r s o l d t o M i l e s t o n e Lumber Company,

f r o m Saskatchei^an, who

s e t t h e m i l l up about 1 m i l e up

M i l e s t o n e Road, p r o b a b l y near where t h e b a l l p a r k i s today.
T h i s m i l l was
down i n

l a t e r e n l a r g e d and moved d o w n h i l l , t h e n c l o s e d

1920.

An a r t i c l e by Helen Dunlop s t a t e s t h a t t h e s c h o o l i n
K i n n a i r d was

b u i l t i n 1917,

but t h e S e s s i o n a l Parters shox^r

t h a t t h e K i n n a i r d s c h o o l d i d not open u n t i l 1919,
pupils.

This s c h o o l o p e r a t e d u n t i l 1930,

open f r o m I 9 I 8 t o 1929,

p u p i l s and e n d i n g w i t h I 6 .
Creek c l o s e d i n 1929
the

A school i n

s t a r t i n g vrith 9

That t h e s c h o o l i n B l u e b e r r y

i s n o t c o n c l u s i v e , as s e v e r a l volumes of

S e s s i o n a l Papers were m i s s i n g .
Other schools o p e r a t i n g t i l t h e

Shoreacres i n 1917,
1921

19

t h e n e n r o l l m e n t dropped

o f f and t h e s c h o o l am.algamated v r i t h C a s t l e g a r .
B l u e b e r r y Creek was

with

and 1934.

near v i c i n i t y were a t

Glade i n I 9 I 8 , and a t Champion Creek i n

There were no r e c o r d s o f a s c h o o l a t Champion

Creek i n any o t h e r y e a r s .
-A h i g h s c h o o l was

r e c o r d e d i n t h e S e s s i o n a l Papers under

Robson f o r t h e years 1924

and 1925

had been no f u r t h e r mention
I n t h e year 1925,
the

only.

Up u n t i l 193^,

there

of i t .

C a s t l e g a r i s s a i d t o have had,

o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a l r e a d y mentioned,

beside

Eremenko's g e n e r a l

s t o r e , a dance p a v i l i o n , a garage, t o u r i s t c a b i n s , and

a

10

s l a u g h t e r house.
Since t h a t t i m e , C a s t l e g a r has been g r a d u a l l y growing
i n t o the s m a l l c i t y o f today.

One t h e o r y e x p l a i n i n g t h e slow

g r o w t h i n C a s t l e g a r , v<ras s t a t e d i n an a r t i c l e by L i l l i a n K i l l o u g h ,
who

had been a r e s i d e n t o f C a s t l e g a r s i n c e 1913.

She s a i d t h a t

C a s t l e g a r e x p e r i e n c e d a slow gvov^th u n t i l about 193^^ or 1935
because t h e l a n d c o m p r i s i n g t h e tovm s i t e was h e l d by a
and not m.ade a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p u b l i c u n t i l t h a t t i m e .
f a c t o r s o f g r o w t h teere t h e improvement

of the

company,
Other

roads and t h e

i n s t a l l m e n t o f an adequate water s u p p l y .
C a s t l e g a r i n t h e 1930's was s t i l l f a r f r o m b e i n g a b i g
com.munity.

Celgar was n o t y e t e s t a b l i s h e d ( u n t i l 1952), so

C a s t l e g a r had no major i n d u s t r y t o encourage people t o s e t t l e
there,
C a s t l e g a r was f i r s t s e t t l e d because o f i t s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
f a c i l i t i e s , and today t h i s i s fetill a major f a c t o r i n t h e g r o w t h
o f t h e area.

C a s t l e g a r , s e t t l e d almost half-vmy between t h e

tv;o communities
Kootenays."

o f Nelson and T r a i l i s t h e "Crossroads

of the

and

Post

Off.ce

On

the

s.fe

B^parfmenf

Store

Gdnera!

J. Farmer'^

builf
where.

Store

tn

(?09,

We s i ' s

now

sfands.

OPPice

nou;

sfc)nas

V/olef

Cic^W^.

The.

i-eaeh^r

iq

B a l l a r d , 0. B. , a r ' t l c l e o,n e a r l v Robso>i, x v r i t t e n 1958, from
C a s t l e g a r News, C e n t e r j i i a l E d i t i o n , September 28, 196?,
S e c t i o n I , page 9.
Bloomer, T. L. , i2aSJLlSgaK^.JJia..>2a^tJL^
Magazine, v o l . 8, no. 7, J u l y 19^7, p.16-19.

Cominco

Dunlop, Helen, a r t l ^ c l e on Waterloo and PClnnairdj f r o m C a s t l e g a r
News, C e n t e n n i a l E d i t i o n , Se-otember 28, I967, S e c t i o n I I ,
Pages 1-5, 9-10.
Gore sky. Dr. V i c t o r , 2JCJilsUi^«Qa_Sa3j;.lsga^
from
C a s t l e g a r Nex^rs, Centeixnial E d i t i o n , September 28, I 9 6 7 ,
S e c t i o n I , page 12.
K i l l o u g h , L i l l i a n , axiiwCiO-jm^GasJbAe^a^^
from Castlegar
News, C e n t e n n i a l E d i t i o n , September 28, I967, S e c t i o n I ,
page 1.
Meyer, P.onald Howard, The e v o l u t i o n o f r a i l w a y s i n t h e Kootenay^.
M.A. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, 1970
P i c a r d , Edvjard Alexander, I!l2£..JiLr-Pj£jjakaa.-8^^
u n p u b l i s h e d t y p e s c r i p t , 1926, pages 49-56.
Webber, H a r o l d , People and PlaceB.. Cotinneh Books, C a s t l e g a r ,
B.C., 1973.
S e s s i o n a l Papers o f t h e Province o f B r i t i s h Columbia.
Printed
by t h e A u t h o r i t y o f t h e L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly, V i c t o r i a , 3.C.
1888 t o 193^
- P u b l i c Works Reports
- P u b l i c Schools Reports
-Voter's L i s t s