; }
; 2: _Casthégar Ne Janvary 15, 1986

Military use of bay opposed

VICTORIA (CP) = The sleepy-hollow look of
Nanoose Bay is deceptive.

In 1823, the Vancouver Island community was the
site of an Indian massacre. In 1918 the thunderous
explosion of a dynamite factory there was heard in
Vancouver, 60 kilometres east across Georgia Strait.

Sound and fury is again brewing at Nanoose Bay —
this time over nuclear weapons and Canadian-U.S.
military co-operation.

Since 1966, waters near the bay have been used by
Canadian and U.S. armed forces to test naval weapons —
mainly torpedoes and anti-submarine devices. Under-
water listening equipment is also tried out.

‘The test range is 24 kilometres long, and three to
eight kilometres wide. At the bottom of a 400-metre-deep
trough, sophisticated instruments are planted to allow a

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control room on a small island to track objects moving
through the water.

The range is a Department of National Defence
facility under the command of a officer. The
base has up to 217 Canadian and American military and
civilian personnel on either a p or 7

Petitions have been presented to Parliament saying
the Nanoose range is helping to expand the arms race and
the. agreement should not be renewed. The NDP has
called for a public inquiry before a renewal.

Members of the Nanoose Ci Ci

ABILITY
REPLY T
ACK DOUBTE

WASHINGTON (REUT-
ER) — Experts in atomic war
whether the

‘The department estimates the range is worth $10
million annually to the local economy.

The U.S. Navy uses the range under a 1965
agreement. Time on the range is shared equally,
the Canadians often sell unused time to the Americans for
several thousand dollars an hour.

The 10-year agreement was renewed April 14, 1976,
and will expire the same day this year unless it is
renewed again.

The peace movement is lobbying against renewal.

to ending military use of the bay, have camped
along the highway across from the base since last spring.

‘They periodically hold protests outside the range
and keep a vigil on the warships that arrive.

They have reported seeing U.S. warships which are
capable of carrying nuclear weapons, ineluding the
Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missiles.

‘The peace campers allege the vessels are bringing
nuclear weapons into Canadian territory..There is no
confirmation of this since U.S. and Canadian military
policy is neither to confirm nor deny the presence of
nuclear weapons on the visiting ships.

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are q
United States will be able to

wishes to push the nuclear
button, it may not work,”
analyst Daniel Ford writes in
‘The Button, a recent book on
the American nuclear early-
warning system.

Ford's concern is shared by

investigators,
private defence analysts and
a former Pentagon official
who say the United States’
nuclear command, control
and communications system
could be disrupted easily in
the early stages of a Soviet
attack, short-cireuiting retal-
iation.

These critics say the vul-
nerability of the so-called C-3
system, a network of sur-
veillance satellites linked by
ground relay stations to un-
derground and airborne com-
mand posts, makes the nu-
clear balance of terror much
less stable than commonly
believed.

The Pentagon insists the
system does work, weak
points are being fixed and the
U.S. could retaliate if at-
tacked. It says it is spending
$15 billion to correct weak-

nesses.

LAUNCHES ATTACK

A commonly accepted
scenario of war has the U.S.
command system working as
follows if Moscow launches
an attack:

Surveillance satellites de-
tect missiles blasting off and
flash warnings which the
North American Aerospace
Defence Command in Color-
ado verifies and relays to
Washington.

President Ronald Reagan
is rushed by helicopter to
“the Doomsday plane” — a
communications-laden jet
that would be his nuclear
command post — and super.
vises the U.S. response while
in flight.

Underground command
posts dating from the 1950s
are too vulnerable to accur-
ate Soviet missiles, experts

say.

Reagan confers with mili-
tary commanders in similar
planes and determines which
attack plan to use. Before
long, the U.S. missiles begin
to fly.

Pentagon planners see &
possibility of protracted nu-
clear war lasting months
with successive strikes and
counter-strikes.

things would work.

In reality, there is doubt
whether any U.S. retaliation
could be carried out, ac
cording to nuclear command
specialist Bruce Blair, who
left the Pentagon last July,
and to the General Accou
ing Office, the investigative
arm of Congress.

Akey problem, they say, is
satellite attack warning mes-
sages could easily be obliter-
ated before reaching Reagan.

USES MAZE

The satellite messages
have to be channelled
through a maze of vulnerable
ground relay stations — first
to Nurrungar, Australia,
then to a western Pacific
station, then to Hawaii, then
to Sunnyvale, Calif., and fi-
nally to NORAD.

“All of the intermediate
ground stations that relay
the warning data are vul-
nerable to nuclear and non-
nuclear attack,” and are also
poorly guarded, Ford says.

The one in Sunnyvale, for
instance, sits at a freeway
interchange, wide open to
commando attack, the critics
say.

Backup systems exist but
are also highly vulnerable,
and most of the network
would not survive beyond the
first 10 minutes of a nuclear
attack, says Blair.

Disputing these criticisms,
U.S. air force Gen. Robert
Heres recently told Congress
the communications system
and its backups are secure
and “100-per-cent reliable.”

Centre tells
where the beef is

WINNIPEG (CP) — The
average 1,000-pound steer
provides about 435 pounds of
meat while the rest of the
animal is devoted to the
manufacture of byproducts
such as marshmallows, gum
and violin string.

According to the Beef In
formation Centre, there isn't
a scrap of the animal that
isn't used.

Leather goods are an ob-
vious byproduct, but few
consumers realize that ice
cream, canned meats and
gelatin products contain gel-
atin from the bones and
horns.

Inedible byproducts in
clude buttons, china, lipstick,
soap, fabric softener and ex.
plosives.

Cattle are also walking
medicine cabinets for more
than 100 life-saving and life
improving drugs. Insulin
from the pancreas is used to
treat diabetes. Heparin from
the lungs is used to prevent
blood coagulation during op-
erations and to treat frost
bite and burns.

Even pork sausages con:
tain beef. The casings, if
natural, are made from the
intestines of cattle.

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MEDICINE

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Immune system key

cure is not just around the corner.”
Both men emphasize that each kind of cancer is
both The

diffe mary

kill cancerous cells is “a fundamental question we have to
answer before we can cure cancer,” says Dr. Michael
Longenecker, a University of Alberta immunology
professor.
Longenecker is one of a team of Edmonton
researchers seeking answers to questions about cancer
by using “breakthrough technologies” of the last decade
— monoclonal antibodies and genetic engineering.
Longenecker said progress has been made fighting
cancer, but there have been no breakthroughs.
Another member of the research team, Dr. Grant
MacLean of the Cross Cancer Clinic, said: “The wonder

success of treatment varies for different cancers, ranging
from good for testicular caneer to not so good for cancer
of the pancreas.
USE ANTIBODIES

The research team makes extensive use of mono-
clonol antibodies.

‘The immune system produces antibodies to attack
foreign substances — called antigens — that invade the
body. Mnoclonal antibodies are single, pure antibodies

to cancer

‘Then, Dr. Dave Williams, an Edmonton General Hospital
pathologist, checks the reaction of the antibody of cancer
cells.

‘The researchers thus “define which antibodies react
to cancer and not to normal tissue,” Longenecker said.
“The ultimate goal is to use antibodies as magic bullets to
get the drug to the cancer.”

A treatment that hits only the tumor could overcome
one of the major problems with chemotherapy — the
heavy toll it takes on a patient.

MacLean said such side-effects occur when the
treatment attacks normal tissue ‘as well as the

produced by a culture of cloned, g
cells.

Dr. Tony Noujaim, a University of Alberta pharmacy
professor, produces synthetic cancer antigens which
Longenecker uses to produce monoclonal antibodies.

and doctors could use greater concentrations
of a drug if they knew it would attack only the tumor.
The the possible

are also
use of antigens to develop vaccines against certain types

of cancer.

FOR BOWEL PATIENTS

New surgery a blessing

VANCOUVER (CP) — A new surgical techni is

The

freeing bowel patients from their “bags” and three city
from rivalry.

Kathy Meadly, 23, is one of the first patients in
Vancouver to undergo the operation which restores almost
normal function to people who have had their large bowel
removed.

Like most patients who suffer from ulcerative colitis, an
illness of the large bowel that causes nausea, diarrhea,
weight loss, bleeding, cramps and constant pain, Meadly had
to wear a pouch on her abdomen to collect body wastes when
her large bowel, or colon, was removed.

“Wearing a bag,” as she calls it, was devastating for the
young mother, who had her colon removed when she was 21.

“It was very, very traumatic. I didn't want to go out. I
was sure everyone could tell I had a bag, even though they
couldn't.”

Now her outlook has changed lly. In three

changed. I've gone from wearing sweats to

“T'm erazy happy — like I'll sit and laugh to myself I am
so happy about it.”

Bell estimates about 50 people a year in B.C. will benefit
from the operation, which originated in different forms in
Japan, London and New York.

Despite its success and significance, the operation has
escaped public attention because it deals with the bowel,
Atkinson said.

“If this were heart surgery, everybody would be talking
about it, but because it has to do with the bowel, nobody
even knows it's happening.”

Previously, when the colon was removed because of
ulcerative colitis, the entire small bowel was removed,

operations, surgeons from St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver
General Hospital and the University of British Columbia
Health Sciences Centre, worked together to rebuild an anal
passage using Meadly’s small bowel.
DOCTORS CO-OPERATE

The operation, technically called an ileoanal anastomo-
sis or a sphincter-saving operation, marks the first time
senior specialists from rival hospitals in Vancouver have
co-operated in the operating theatre, said Dr. Ken Atkinson,
of St. Paul's who headed the surgical team with Dr. George
Bell of Vancouver General.

The hospitals have given the surgeons special privileges
so they can operate in one another's hospitals, Atkinson said.

“It is quite a treat to be working with three other
experienced surgeons,” Atkinson said. “In the past, there
was hardly any co-operation between the hospitals at all.”

Said Bell: “It has done a lot to bridge any jealousies
between hospitals. I never understood the reason behind
(the rivalries). But it works better this way.”

juding the rectum and anus. An ileostomy, an opening to
allow waste to drain from the body, was made in the
abdomen and the patient spent the rest of his life with a
pouch.
TREATED WITH DRUGS

Now when the large bowel is removed, the rectum and
anus are left in place. The patient must still have an
ileostomy for a few months while the body is cleared of the
drugs used to treat ulcerative colitis.

are two more operations and one of the
procedures involves forming a pouch or reservoir in the
small bowel. The patient gets a temporary ileostomy while
the reconstructed bowel heals.

In the next operation, the system is “hooked up” and the
ileostomy closed. Because the muscles have been left intact,
the patient can relearn bowel control.

Since the small bowel performs all digestive functions
and the large bowel's primary function is water absorption,
patients can eat a fairly normaldiet but they must be careful
not to become dehydrated, Atkinson said. + >

Alzheimer's treatable?

MONTREAL (CP) — Two
years ago, Margot Rousseau,
a 44-year-old mother of three,
began forgetting things. Just
little things, at first.

Soon, she was forgetting so
much that she was forced to
quit her job as a nurse and
now she can't even remem.
ber how to dress herself and
can't be left unattended —
even for a minute.

Rousseau has Alzheimer's,
a progressive, fatal brain
disease that affects an es
timated 300,000 Canadians.

To date, there has been no
hope for Alzheimer's victims
as there is no known cause,
cure or treatment for the
disease.

However, a team of Mon.
treal doctors, in conjunction
with colleagues in the United
States, think they may be
working on the first success.
ful treatment of Alzheimer’s.

As with other patients in
volved in the experiment,

Rousseau recently under.
went surgery to have a pump
implanted in her abdomen
and a tube placed under her
skin from the pump to her
brain.

“We had no choice,” her
husband, Claude, said about
the experiment. “Without
the operation there was no
hope. With nothing to help
her, it was harder to accept
(the disease).”

The chemical being releas-
ed slowly from the pump into
Margot’s brain is bethane
chol, which replaces a natural
neurotransmitter known as
acetylcholine, said Dr. Serge
Gauthier of the Montreal
Neurological Hospital.

Neurotransmitters are
groups of cells allowing nerve
cells to communicate with
each other.

In 1977, researchers no-
ticed Alzheimer's victims had
a significant deficiency of the
chemical. Subsequent exper-

iments to replace the neur-
otransmitter through pills or
a change of diet failed, said
Gauthier, who is in charge of
the Canadian side of the ex-
periment.
USES A PUMP

More recently, however,
specialists at the Dartmouth.
Hitchcock Medical Centre in
New Hampshire tried using
the pump to inject the neur-
otransmitter directly into the
brain of four Alzheimer's vic-
tims.

To provide a controlled
basis for the study, the pump
was filled at times with a
solution that would not have
any effect on the patients,
but the patients and their
families were never told
which substance was being
used at which time, Gauthier
said.

“They (the four) got better
to the point that their
families could tell what was

in the pump,” he said.

Specialists believe the
study is the first positive
indication that Alzheimer’s
may be treatable, but warn
against false hope until the
results of the broader-based
experiment have been com-
piled.

Some 100 Alzheimer’s pa-
tients, including seven Can
adians, will have the pump
implanted by March, Gau-
thier said.

The trial period will last
about one year. The volun-
teers can continue wearing
the pumps for the rest of
their lives if they want and if
the experiment proves to be
as successful as the pilot
study, Gauthier said.

For the Rousseau family
which lives in Trois-Rivieres,
120 kilometres east of Mon-
treal, there have been no
second thoughts about taking
part in the experiment.

Ke

Fertility world's
next problem?

WINNIPEG (CP — Des- of creation,” he said in an
pite what people say about interview.

century, says a Manitoba sci-
entist.

Reg Gallop, who teaches

«water and energy

manage
ment at the University of
Manitoba, said civilization’s
most threatened resource is
children.
“The western world is in
desperate straits because it's
denying the whole essential

= Coining Soon . . . See the

Castlegar News of Sun., Jan. 19

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