2017 Economic Development Report Revelstoke The Columbia Basin Rural Development Institute, at Selkirk College, is a regional research centre with a mandate to support i nformed decision-making by Columbia Basin-Boundary communities through the provision of information, applied research and related outreach and extension support. Visit www.cbrdi.ca for more information. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 ECONOMIC INDICATORS................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Labour Force ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Total Business Counts............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Business Starts ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Availability & Cost of Business Inputs................................................................................................................................. 5 Building Activities ................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Major Projects......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Municipal Tax Burden............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Room Revenues ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Unemployment.....................................................................................................................................................................10 Labour Force Replacement Ratio ......................................................................................................................................11 Measures of Low income & Poverty .................................................................................................................................11 Shelter to Income Ratio ......................................................................................................................................................12 Renting Households .............................................................................................................................................................13 Housing Stock Diversity.......................................................................................................................................................13 Assessed Property Value.....................................................................................................................................................14 SOCIAL INDICATORS ......................................................................................................................................................................16 Population .............................................................................................................................................................................16 Socio-Economic Indices.......................................................................................................................................................17 Crime Rates ...........................................................................................................................................................................17 Public School Student Enrollment .....................................................................................................................................18 Enrollment By Student Type...............................................................................................................................................19 Public School Class size .......................................................................................................................................................20 High School Completion......................................................................................................................................................21 School Achievement ............................................................................................................................................................22 REFERENCES & RESOURCES .........................................................................................................................................................25 Appendix A: Revelstoke Economic Indicators...........................................................................................................................28 Page | 1 INTRODUCTION The Government of British Columbia developed a Performance Measurement Toolkit for Local Economic Development. The toolkit includes a 5 step process including an inventory, visualizing your path, choosing indicators, planning implementation, and how to communicate results. To explore the utility of this toolkit and measurement of economic development generally, the Columbia Basin Rural Development Institute (RDI) developed an Economic Development and Performance Measurement project. This three phase project (indicator selection, data collection and analysis, and knowledge mobilization) was intended to pilot the Toolkit in a Basin-Boundary community. This project was undertaken in partnership with Community Futures Revelstoke, the Revelstoke Chamber of Commerce, and the City of Revelstoke. The purpose of this report is to identify, list, and report on trends for indicators of economic development relevant to the municipality of Revelstoke. These indicators and the report are intended to be replicable - something that can be updated and tracked over time. RDI staff worked with a small working group to identify those indicators of economic development important to Revelstoke (see Appendix A). For each indicator relevant and current data sources were identified. Where no data source was found, it was not possible to proceed with analysis, but such indicators were flagged for potential future data gathering. Once available data were collected, analysis was conducted to identify trends. The results are presented in the following report. Data sources and analysis methods were tracked for each indicator, a summary of which can be found in Appendix A. For each of the indicators reported, there are detailed data sets, tables, and additional graphs. We created a unique reporting template, as opposed to using the provincial template, as using a format similar to the RDI’s State of the Basin can facilitate comparison to the regional scale, as well as to other communities within the region. Due to the economic focus, the indicators selected fall under two of the four RDI research pillars: economic and social. Indicators draw on available data from a variety of sources including federal, provincial, and local governments, as well as non-profit initiatives. All indicators used are quantitative, but i t is important to remember that while these indicators provide a foundation of knowledge, quantitative indicators only tell part of the story. Data were collected at a scale as close to the Revelstoke municipality as possible, including: census subdivision, Columbia Shuswap Electoral Area B, Columbia Shuswap Regional District, Thompson Okanagan Development Region, School Districts, and Local Health Areas . As with any research, there are limitations and qualifications for the indicators and data sources presented in this report. For example, varying data release cycles explain why some of the indicators report data from previous years. Additionally, as new data sources become available the decision can be made to switch to a new data source, one that uses a different method and presentation than previous data. In these cases, new data cannot simply be added to old because of the differences. Potential results of this include restarting the ‘baseline’ year or, where there are historic data available from the new source, long term trends may differ from what was presented in the pa st. While indicators can be good guides and conversation starters, it is important to understand their limitations, and use other complimentary data sources, including local information and research that can provide critical context. Page | 2 ECONOMIC INDICATORS A healthy economy is a key element of building resilient places. Few issues resonate as deeply with communities, businesses, and individuals as the economy. Economic indicators are one way a community or region can understand current conditions, overarching trends, and the impacts of actions and programs. As the focus of this report is on tracking and understanding economic development, the bulk of the indicators are primarily economic in nature. The indicators presented relate to the key sectors of the community and workforce, as well as the built environment. LABOUR FORCE What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator tracks the total number of people participating in the labour force within the community, as well as a breakdown of employment industry and occupation. Data are taken from the National Household Survey (NHS) and refers to persons who were employed at the time of the survey and the unemployed who had worked within the current or previous years.1 These employment figures help indicate the level and type of employment opportunities within the region, as well as providing an indication of economic diversity and prosperity. NHS data are from a voluntary survey including all people who live in Canada and the data are available at the municipal scale.1 NHS data was used, as the other primary data set for labour, the Labour Force Surveyi (LFS), is at the regional scale, and is not available on a municipal scale.1 NOC-S Classification What are the trends & current conditions? Revelstoke’s total labour force increased from 4,100 in 2001 to 4,175 workers in 2006, and then decreased to 3,455 workers between 2006 and 2011, a 10-year change of -19%.1 During the same time period sales and service occupations and trades, transport, equipment operator categories (NOC-Sii) saw the greatest decrease in the number of workers at -620 and -405 (-99%, -72%), respectively (see Figure 1). Health occupations experienced the greatest increase at +85 workers or +37% (see Figure 1). Processing, manufacturing and utilities Primary industry Trades, transport and equipment operators Sales and service Art, culture, recreation and sport Social science, education, government and religion Health Occupations Natural and applied sciences Business, finance and administration Management 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 # of Workers 2011 2006 2001 Figure 1: Revelstoke labour force by industry (NOC-S classification, 2001 - 2011)1 i A mandatory targeted survey including a sample from all non-institutionalized people over the age of 15. ii National Occupational Classification for Statistics, Statistics Canada 1 Page | 3 The Revelstoke labour force participation rate increased 0.7% to 69.1% between 2001 through 2011 (see Figure 2). This is 7% higher than the provincial average, a decrease of -0.9%, for the same period. Both Revelstoke and BC participation rates saw increases between 2001 through 2006 (2.3% and 0.6%, respectively) and then decreases (1.6% and -1.5% respectively) from 2006 through 2011. Participation Rate (%) 75 70 65 60 55 50 2001 2006 Revelstoke Participation Rate 2011 B.C. Participation Rate Figure 2: Revelstoke and provincial labour force participation rate (2001 - 2011)1 TOTAL BUSINESS COUNTS What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator measures the number of all registered businesses within the community, including overall numbers (including single person businesses) and for businesses with employees . Data for this indicator were gathered from BC Stats’ Business Counts reports.2 It is important to note that this data set has been subject to methodological changes over time that impede a thorough examination of historic trends. Monitoring changes in the number of businesses operating within the community gives an indication of the overall business climate. For example, a favorable climate could see increases in the number of businesses. What are the trends & current conditions? The total number of businesses in Revelstoke was relatively stable from 2007 to 2009, followed by steady growth from 2010 through 2016 (+61.7% from 2007-2016) (see Figure 3). The total number of businesses with employees showed growth of 9.9% for the same period. Number of Businesses 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year With Employees Total Figure 3: Number of businesses (total and with employees) in Revelstoke Census Subdivision (2007-2016)2 Page | 4 BUSINESS STARTS What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator measures the number of business starts in the community, by year. Data for this indicator were gathered from BC Stats’ business formations and failures statistics.3 Business starts refer to new business incorporations. Business starts are an indication of the overall business climate in the region. If economic conditions are favorable, we may expect to see a greater number of businesses. This indicator gives a sense of whether the business climate is supporting the development of an expanding or contracting economy. What are the trends & current conditions? The number of business incorporations in Revelstoke has fluctuated over the past 16 years ( see Figure 4). When business formations are compared between 1990 and 2016, a +43.5% change is observed.3 The trend is lower than the provincial average, which had a +55.1% change over the same time-period and a general upward trend. 80 # of Incorporations 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 2016 2014 2012 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 0 Year Figure 4: Revelstoke business formations (1990 – 2016)3 AVAILABILITY & COST OF BUSINESS INPUTS What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator includes the costs of average payroll, taxes, and utilities for businesses in Revelstoke. This includes items like Canada Pension Plan, Old Age Security, and Employment Insurance. Data are consolidated by Trade and Invest British Columbia and are a direct measure of all registered business accounts. 4 Historic data are not accessible, however data can be gathered from this point forward to work toward an understandin g of trends. Data are indicative of the types of costs facing business owners within the community. What are the trends & current conditions? Canada Pension Plan (CPP) collects contributions nationally from employees and employers to serve alongside Old Age Security (OAS) as this Nation’s public retirement income system. Over the last 20 years CPP contribution rates have climbed from 2.92% to 4.95%, an increase of 40.9%.4 The rate increase plateaued, at present day’s CPP rate of 5%, in 2003.4 The Canadian government annually adjusts the maximum pensionable earnings on which is bases employee/employer contributions. This amount has gradually increased during the last 20 -year period from $35,800 in 1997 to $55,300 for 2017, an increase of 35%. The maximum annual employee/employer and self-employed contributions are based on each year’s percentage of maximum annual pensionable earnings. This has increased 63% for both categories during the last 20-year period Page | 5 (1997 – 2017), whereas maximum self-employed contributions were 50% higher for all years except 2000 (43.9% higher). The federal employment insurance program (EI) provides income benefits to eligible unemployed Canadians. The EI rate has shown a downward trend throughout the last 20-year period (1997 – 2017), a decrease of -78%.4 The maximum annual insurable earnings stabilized at $39,000 from 1997 – 2007 and then gradually increased to $51,300 by 2017, a total increase of 24% for the last 20-year period.4 Maximum weekly EI income benefit payments were relatively stable from 1997 – 2006 then increased at an average of +2.5% annually until present day’s weekly benefit of $542.60, a 20-year increase of 23.9% (see Figure 5). Maximum annual employer/employee EI premiums steadily decreased from 1997 until 2008 then gradually increased until 2016. The employer/employee EI premium experienced a -14% decrease to $1,170/$836, respectively, in 2017. There has been an overall EI premium decrease of -35.3% over the last 20-year period. $1,600 EI Premium ($) $1,400 $1,200 $1,000 $800 $600 $400 $200 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 $0 Year Maximum annual employee premium Maximum annual employer premium Maximum Weekly Benefit Figure 5: Maximum annual employer/employee EI premium compared with maximum weekly EI benefit 4 BUILDING ACTIVITIES What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator measures the value of residential building permits in total, by category, and by unit for the community. The data for this indicator were taken from BC Stats compiled data. 5 Building permits are well-accepted indicators of economic performance, with changes reflecting business cycles as well as economic slowdowns andstart-ups.6,7 For example, housing starts tend to pick up at the beginning of a business cycle, and taper at the initial signs of economic slowdown. What are the trends & current conditions? Building permit values have fluctuated over the last 10 years (see Figure 6). Total building permit values have decreased -227% from $63 million in 2007, at an average percent change of -61% annually to $19 million in 2016, whereas 2010 experienced the only increase (up to $93.2 million) during the same period. 5 Residential building permit values climbed as high as $49.3 million (2010) and dropped as low as $5.8 million (2014). Institutional/Government building permit values exceeded residential values in 2011 ($15 versus $8 million) and reached as high as $33 million in 2010.5 Page | 6 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 Millions of Dollars ($) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Year Residential Industrial Commercial Institutional/Government Figure 6: Categorical Revelstoke building permit values (2007 - 2016)5 MAJOR PROJECTS What does this measure & why is it important? New development projects, similar to building permits are indicative of economic performance. The BC Major Projects Inventory is published quarterly and provides a summary of major private and public sector constr uction projects with an estimated cost of $15 million or greater. 8 Project information collected includes the location and description of the project, it’s status, and other relevant details (e.g., public versus private). These major projects are one indicator of the level of investment going into infrastructure. The inventory is presented by municipality (Revelstoke) and Development Region (Thompson Okanagan Development Region) What are the trends & current conditions? The capital costs of all major projects under construction by the end of December 2016 were $75 billion for the province, of which 1.4%, or $1.04 billion, was in the Revelstoke regionFigure 7: Estimated project costs of major project inventory (2012-2016) . The Thompson/Okanagan Development Region accounts for 18.9% ($14.1 billion) of the projects under construction. A further $325.3 billion of major projects were proposed for the province at this time, of which 1.4%, or $4.6 billion, are in the Thompson/Okanagan Development Region, and $35 million in Revelstoke.8 Revelstoke Mountain Ski Resort Expansion project is one of two major projects within the Revelstoke municipality (see Table 1) and is BC’s current largest ski-facility development project at an estimated cost of $1 billion (29% of BC’s ski-facility projects estimated costs). Municipality/Region Residential Commercial Transportation & Warehousing Mining & Oil & Gas Extraction Utilities Manufacturing Public Services Ski Facilities Total Revelstoke Thompson/Okanagan 0 5 1 5 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 2 1 3 2 51 BC Total 23 20 10 36 1 7 Table 1: Number of major projects by category - Revelstoke, Thompson/Okanagan, B.C. (Dec. 2016) 8 7 333 Page | 7 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 2012 2013 2014 2015 December September June March December September June March December September June March December September June March December September June 0 March Est. Project Cost ($ millions) Revelstoke’s major project inventory (MPI) estimate for all project costs has decreased by -88%, or $996 million, over the last 5 years (see Figure 7). The Highway 1 Illecillewaet Four-Laning project was proposed September 2015 at an estimated cost of $35 million. 2016 Quarterly Report Construction Started Completed Proposed Figure 7: Estimated project costs of major project inventory (2012-2016) 8 MUNICIPAL TAX BURDEN What does this measure & why is it important? Tax burden is an indicator that uses and builds on tax revenue. Where tax revenue looks strictly at those revenues collected from various taxes, tax burden is a measure that takes the total tax revenue as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 9 It is considered to be one measure of the degree of control that the government has on economic resources.9 The tax burden also demonstrates the portion of the tax burden borne by each property class. The data set for this indicator is collected by the Government of BC and includes assessed vales, tax rates, total taxes and charges, as well as the overall tax burden. 10 However, as the tax burden is an overarching indicator, this is the focus of the analysis. What are the trends & current conditions? For 2017 the majority of Revels toke’s tax burden is shared between the residential property class (47%) and the business/other property class (43%), with utilities, major industry, and light industry having less than 10% of the tax burden each (see Table 2). Property Class Authenticated Roll General Taxable Values ($) Municipal Purposes Tax Rates (%) Total Municipal Taxes ($) Municipal Taxes Per Capita % Total Taxes Residential 1,067,927,880 4.9 5,244,060 717 47 8,824,300 57.4 506,316 0 5 2 4.9 0 0 0 Major Industry 9,533,000 39.3 374,670 0 3 Light Industry 5,828,000 36.5 212,891 0 2 Business/Other 233,024,877 20.8 4,845,869 0 43 Managed Forest 0 0.0 0 0 0 Utilities Supportive Housing Page | 8 Property Class Authenticated Roll General Taxable Values ($) Municipal Purposes Tax Rates (%) Total Municipal Taxes ($) Municipal Taxes Per Capita % Total Taxes Recreation 2,386,400 17.3 41,201 0 0 Farm 225 20.8 5 0 0 Totals 1,327,524,684 11,225,011 1,534 100 Table 2: Revelstoke municipal tax burden (2017) 10 When looking at the distribution of the tax burden over time we see relative stability in the distribution (see Figure 8). Since 2005 the percent of total taxes coming from utilities and major industry have dropped, while residential has remained similar and business has grown. 100% 48 34 36 36 37 38 47 45 43 2 3 5 2 3 4 2 3 5 50 51 49 49 52 53 39 39 41 40 36 36 2 4 5 2 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 5 60% 40% 30% 8 2 8 6 2 6 6 2 4 5 2009 2010 8 2 7 7 2008 0% 1 9 2007 10% 1 11 2006 20% 2017 50% 2005 % of Total Taxes 70% 45 2016 48 2014 47 2013 47 2012 46 2011 80% 2015 90% Year Utilities Major Industry Light Industry Business Residential Figure 8: Revelstoke distribution of tax by property class (2005 - 2017)10 ROOM REVENUES What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator estimates hotel room revenues, measured from the Municipal and regional District Tax (MRDT) data. The MRDT is a tax of up to 3% on accommodations that is i mposed in certain geographic areas in order to raise revenue for local tourism marketing, programs, and projects. 11 Only certain communities charge MRDT, of which Revelstoke is one. Data are collected by the Government of BC.12 Room revenues provide a measure of the financial activity in the accommodation sector, which is a large component of the tourism industry and therefore an important economic driver in Revelstoke. Trends in room revenues can be used as a barometer for the performance of the larger tourism sector. What are the trends & current conditions? Since 2000 the annual tourism revenues have been increasing (see Figure 9). For the same time period the number of tourism properties was stable or increasing from 2000 (24) to 2009 (28), but there was a drop after 2010 (17) and while the numbers have been growing, as of 2015 they were still lower (23) than 2000. 12 Page | 9 $30 $ millions $25 $20 $15 $10 $5 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 $0 Year Figure 9: Revelstoke annual tourism revenues (2000 - 2015)12 UNEMPLOYMENT What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator tracks the unemployment rate - the percent of employees and youth currently in the labour force that are unemployed - for the community. Similarly to the Labour Force indicator, unemployment data are taken from the National Household Survey (NHS).1 As a result of the differences between the NHS and the Labour Force Survey (LFS) there are likely differences between the unemployment rates reported at the community scale, and those we see at a regional scale from the LFS data. The unemployment rate is a strong indicator of economic health, providing an indication as to how people are resourced in the community. It is important to note that the unemployment rate does not capture factors like those who are no longer actively seeking work, or those who are forced to move elsewhere in search of employment. Unemployment Rate (%) What are the trends & current conditions? Looking at the NHS data for 2001, 2006, and 2011 we see that the unemployment rate for Revelstoke is higher than that of the province (see Figure 10).1 This is a similar trend to youth unemployment, where the Revelstoke rates are higher than those of the province. When we look at the Revelstoke labour force unemployment rate by highest level of schooling for the same time period, we see that for all three years those residents with no certificate, diploma, or degree consistently has the highest or second highest unemployment. 1 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2001 2006 2011 Year Revelstoke Unemployment Rate B.C. Unemployment Rate Figure 10: Revelstoke labour force unemployment rate (2001 - 2011) Page | 10 LABOUR FORCE REPLACEMENT RATIO What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator measures the ratio of the number of people age zero to 14 (i.e., children) in 2016 who will be entering the workforce to the number of people age 50 to 64 (i.e., soon to be retirees) in 2016 who will be leaving the workforce in the next 15 years. A ratio of 1.0 means the child and retiree populations are the same. The higher the ratio, the more young people there are relative to potential retirees. A ratio of less than 1.0 means an area is unable to maintain the current labour force with loca l replacement workers, and, as a result will either have to pursue solutions like encourage older workers to continue to work, bring in labour from other regions or countries, adopt technology to replace labour, or scale down the economy to fit the available labour force. This indicator uses the census data from Statistics Canada.13 Labour Force Replacement Rate What are the trends & current conditions? The 2016 labour force replacement ratio for Revelstoke is 1.13, indicating a relatively young population, which is interesting when compared to the 0.55 replacement rate for the Columbia Shuswap Regional District, indicating an aging population for the surrounding region (see Figure 11).13 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 2001 2006 2011 2016 Year Revelstoke Columbia Shuswap Figure 11: Revelstoke labour force replacement rate (2001 - 2016)13 MEASURES OF LOW INCOME & POVERTY When it comes to measuring low income there are multiple measures. For example, the Low Income Measure is a relative measure of low income, “a fixed percentage (50%) of median adjusted household income, where “adjusted” means that household needs are taken into account. Adjustment for household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase as the number of members increases. Most would agree that a household of six has greater needs than a household of two, although these needs are not necessarily three times as costly.” 15 Additional measures for measuring low income include the Market Basket Measure (MBM) and the Low Income Cut-Off (LICO). The MBM is “used to represent a standard of living that is a compromise between subsistence and social inclusion that reflects differences in living costs across the country. The thresholds are produced for a reference family of two adults and two children for all sizes of area of residence in each province and f or several cities”.16 The MBM includes the costs of food, clothing, footwear, transportation, shelter and other expenses for a reference family of two adults aged 25 to 49 and two children (aged nine and 13). 17 In 2014, the BC MBM threshold was calculated to be $36,047 per year in rural areas and $36,062 per year in communities with a population less than 30,000.18 In 2012 a MBM analysis was completed for the City of Revelstoke. This study found that a two-adult, two-child household required a total household income of $66,000 per year before tax – nearly double the provincial estimate.19 According to the Revelstoke and Area Healthy Community Project report, the two primary reasons cited for this discrepancy are the high costs for rental housing and food. 19 The MBM for Revelstoke is nearly identical to another measure of low income, the Living Wage – a calculation completed for a two-parent, two-child household l iving in the Lower Columbia area ($66,066 per year).20 This calculation includes health related costs, including basic health insurance, assuming health insurance and sick leave Page | 11 benefits are not offered as part of one or both employment packages. The calculation also takes into account deductions and transfer payments for which a family of that size and income would be eligible, and the loss of two weeks of income, but otherwise does not include provision for savings or debt repayment. The living wage will vary from year to year, reflecting not only changes in the cost of local goods and services, but also changes in public policy at a senior level. For instance, increases in the cost of food, housing, or other expenses have been partially offset by the introduction of the Canada Child Benefit. The hourly living wage for Revelstoke has been calculated at $18.87, similar to Nelson ($18.21).21,22 SHELTER TO INCOME RATIO What does this measure & why is it important? It is commonly agreed upon that when more than 30% of a household’s pre-tax income is spent on shelter expenses, the housing is unaffordable.23 As part of the National Household Survey (NHS), Statistics Canada gathers information to determine the Shelter to Income Ratio (STIR) - how many tenant and owner households are spending more than 30% of their income on shelter related expenses.1 Those that spend 50% or more of their pre-tax income on shelter are deemed to be in “severe housing need”.24 Shelter expenses include electricity, oil, gas, coal, wood or other fuels, water and other municipal services, monthly mortgage payments, property taxes, condominium fees, and rent. 25 The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has also developed standards for adequacy ( e.g., the housing does not require major repairs) and suitability (e.g., the housing is sufficient in size and has enough bedrooms) when evaluating a household’s situation.24 Affordable housing is a critical issue in addressing poverty. When access to affordable housing is challenging, financial strain is experienced, and consequently access to food, clothing, child care, transportation, and other necessities is difficult. Affordable housing is a basic foundation for well -being, and the right to adequate housing is enshrined under international law.26 WHAT ARE THE TRENDS & CURRENT CONDITIONS? The majority (75%) of Revelstoke’s 3075 households as of 2011 spend less than 30% of their total household income on shelter, although it may be worth noting that this number has decreased somewhat since 2001 (see Figure 12). Of those that spend 30% or more on their household income there is a percentage (~3%) that spend more than 100% of their total income on shelter, lower than the 17% at the regional scale. From 2001 to 2011 there has been a decrease (-3.73%) in the households spending less than 30% of total household income on shelter, while there has been an increase (+10.29%) of households spending 30% or more of total income on shelter costs. Year 2011 2006 2001 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 # of households Spending less than 30% of household total income on shelter costs Spending 30% or more of household total income on shelter costs Figure 12: Revelstoke shelter cost to income (STIR) ratio (2001 – 2011)1 Page | 12 RENTING HOUSEHOLDS What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator is intended to provide insight into the distribution of home ownership between renters and owners by measuring the percentage of households that rent versus own the dwelling in which they live. The data are collected by the 2011 NHS.1 It is important to note that home ownership is not a goal that all families aspire to, nor is it an option for lower-income households. In the same manner that populations require diversity in the structural housing stock, diversity in housing tenure options is also required. Owenership Type What are the trends & current conditions? The overall number of renting households in Revelstoke decreased slightly between 2001 (3095) and 2011 (3075). 1 For the three years reported here, approximately ¾ of the households in Revelstoke are owned, while ¼ are rented (see Figure 13). Rented Owned 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 # of Households 2001 2006 2011 Figure 13: Revelstoke housing tenure by ownership/rental (2001 - 2011)1 HOUSING STOCK DIVERSITY What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator uses the census data to measure dwellings by structural type, including the following categories: single-detached house, semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a build ing that has five or more stories, apartment in a building that has fewer than five stories, other single-attached house, mobile home and other movable dwelling.13 Housing needs vary by economic situations and stages of life. Having a mix of housing types to meet this variety of needs has been linked to revitalization of communities and enabling economic growth.27 High ratios of single detached homes in a housing stock may indicate that younger or lower income households are not being accomodated. What are the trends & current conditions? Of the total dwellings within Revelstoke, the majority (60-70%) are single detached homes, while the next largest type of dwelling is apartment buildings with fewer than five stories (12 -13%) (see Figure 14). Page | 13 Movable dwelling Structure Type Other single-attached house Apartment, building that has fewer than five storeys Apartment, building that has five or more storeys 2016 Apartment, detached duplex 2006 2001 Row house Semi-detached house 2,250 2,000 1,750 1,500 1,250 1,000 750 500 250 0 Single-detached house # of Dwellings Figure 14: Revelstoke dwelling types (2001 - 2016)13 ASSESSED PROPERTY VALUE What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator measures the total assessed value (including land and improvements) for properties within the community, including general purposes - residential, utilities, major industrial, light industrial, general purposes – business and other, and general purposes – recreation and non-profit. Data used to generate this indicator were gathered from Local Government Statistics.10 Property value, in particular housing costs affect, and are affected by, many socio-economic factors. For example, housing costs can indicate the desirability of an area, the condition of the housing stock and, importantly, the cost of living in a community. What are the trends and current conditions? Between 2010 and 2016 the total general purposes assessed value for Revelstoke has decreased somewhat, from 1374 in 2010 to 1235 in 2016 (see Figure 15). Over same time period the overall assessed value has decreased (from 1,374 to 1,235), while assessed value for business have increased (from 157 to 246). Page | 14 1,400 Millions of Dollars ($) 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Year General Purposes Residential Utilities Major Industrial Light Indusrial General Purposes Business and Other General Purposes Recreation Non-Profit Figure 15: Revelstoke categorical assessed values (2010 - 2016)10 Page | 15 SOCIAL INDICATORS Social structures lay the foundation for our interaction with the world. There are undeniable links between social topics like education, poverty, and health, and the overall well-being of residents and communities. Reported social research themes include demographics, civic engagement and safety, and education and learning. Careful analysis of social data can help us better understand the issues and trends that face residents and communities every day. Social indicators are valuable for identifying and anticipating trends and setting organizational, agency and program targets for excellence. 28 The feedback derived from social indicators is assisting communities and policy makers in assessing the value of existing strategies in order to inform effective planning and action for the future. POPULATION What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator measures the change in total number of people in the community over time, predicted population, and the number of people in five-year age groups, or ‘cohorts’, reported by gender. Data for this indicator is gathered from Statistics Canada’s Census .13 Population change, whether from change in total numbers or change in makeup (e.g., age) can be indicators of change in needs for services. Education, recreation, employment, childcare, transportation, and healthcare are all examples of needs that can change as populations grow or shrink, or can differ with age and gender. By tracking changes in the structure of our population, decision-makers are better able to plan for changing needs and priorities. Changes in population can also be indicative of economic change – both positive and negative. 2016 2011 2006 7700 7600 7500 7400 7300 7200 7100 7000 6900 6800 2001 Population What are the trends & current conditions? According to the 2016 census the population of Revelstoke is 7,547, similar to the 2001 population (7,500), although the intervening years (2006, 2011) were less (see Figure 16). As shown in the Figure, the BC Stats estimates show a similar trend, but with slightly different numbers. While the BC Stats data can be useful in the years between the census, the statistical rigor of the Census make Statistics Canada more reliable. Year BC Stats Population Estimates Statistics Canada Census Population Figure 16: Revelstoke Census population and BC Stats population estimates (2001 - 2016)13,29 Looking at the age and structure of the Revelstoke population we see a relatively equal balance of men and women (see Figure 17). Based on the breakdown of the age cohorts we see a population experiencing slow growth. This is in contrast to the overarching region, which is demonstrating an overall aging and shrinking population. Page | 16 95-99 85-89 75-79 Age Group 65-69 55-59 45-49 35-39 25-29 15-19 5-9 Under 1 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 Population Male Female Figure 17: Revelstoke age group populations by gender (2016) 13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICES The socio-economic indices are developed by the Government of British Columbia, summarizing social and economic indicators, all found within the socio-economic profiles, into a single index ranking from worst-off regions (#1) to best-off regions (#77).30 These indices are available by region (Local Health Area, Regional District, School District) or by topic: human economic hardship, crime, health problems, education concerns, children at risk, and youth at risk. In 2012, the last year the indices were published, of all the Local Health Authorities (LHA) in the province, results for the Revelstoke LHA were positive. The Revelstoke LHA was ranked 72/77, with a score of -0.56, versus 1/77, the Upper Skeena LHA, with an overarching index of 0.96. CRIME RATES What does this measure & why is it important? Crime rates are a common objective indicator of public safety. They can help measure the effectiveness of law enforcement and community engagement initiatives, and inform decision-making about law enforcement policies and practices. Crime rates have been associated with areas of higher poverty and thus could inform poverty reduction strategies.31 Crime rates also contribute to perceptions of safety 32 and can have a negative impact on the economy. Feelings of fear can disrupt a sense of harmony, and can deter people from using certain spaces, or feeling uncomfortable at night, which may drive people away from a community. Criminal incidents, the number of criminal code offences (excluding traffic) reposted for every 1,000 persons, are collected and tracked by Statistics Canada through their Incident-based crime statistics and Crime Severity Index. Data are collected and collated for British Columbia by BC Stats, presenting overall crime rates over time, as well as details specific to certain types of crime (e.g., motor vehicle theft, violent offences, property offenses). Reporting crime rates (overall and by type) provides information to local communities, affording them targeted information that can allow them to make targeted decisions to address the identified crimes a nd associated issues. What are the trends & current conditions? Overall the crime rates have been dropping, in Revelstoke and provincially (see Figure 18). There are two reporting jurisdictions within Revelstoke, provincial (i.e., highway and surrounding area) and municipal (i.e., within city limits) , both of which have reported decreasing crime rates for most types of reported crimes (e.g., violent offences, Page | 17 property offences). Between 2006 and 2015 there was a decrease of -28.4% within the municipality and -11.6% within the surrounding area. 150 140 130 Crime Rate 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year RCMP Municipal RCMP Provincial B.C. Figure 18: Comparison of overall Revelstoke crime rates vs. BC (2006 - 2015)33 The number of motor vehicle thefts (MVT) for Revelstoke municipal policing jurisdiction is 30% higher on average during the last 10-year period (2006 – 2015) than that of BC’s respective median number of offences (see Figure 19). The highest number of MVTs during this time were recorded in 2008 (57 offences), an increase of 53% from 2009 followed by a sharp decline (-307%) below the BC median number of offences for 2009. From 2010 – 2012 a 3-year annual average increase of 32% per year saw 2012 MVTs back above the BC median as high as 48 offences in 2012 and remains 52% higher than the BC median for 2015. 60 50 # of Offences 40 30 20 10 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 RCMP Municipal 2010 2011 RCMP Provincial 2012 2013 2014 2015 B.C. Median Figure 19: Comparison of motor vehicle theft criminal offences of Revelstoke vs. BC (2006-2015)33 PUBLIC SCHOOL STUDENT ENROLLMENT What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator measures the number of all people who are enrolled in public schools in School District #19 (Revelstoke) who are working towards graduation. Data for this indicator were acquired from the BC Ministry of Education’s school district reports.34 Page | 18 Observing trends in the numbers of students enrolled in public schools provides important information about changing demography and movement of people in and out of the community. It is valuable information for schools and school districts to incorporate into longer term planning. Trends also allow for forecasting and can assist in adapting over time. Student enrollment can impact resourcing and budgets, which can have ripple effects in the community. Enrollment can also influence the quality of students’ learning experiences. What are the trends & current conditions? Over the past 10 years the average enrollment for School District 19 (SD19) has decreased slightly, similarly to the provincial and regional average for school districts.34 Figure 20 shows enrollment by individual school within SD19, largely stable, excepting a decreasing trend shown for Revelstoke Secondary. Student Enrollment 500 400 300 200 100 2016/17 2015/16 2014/15 2013/14 2012/13 2011/12 2010/11 2009/10 2008/09 2007/08 0 School Year Revelstoke Secondary Arrow Heights Columbia Park Begbie View Figure 20: Revelstoke student enrollment by school (2007/08 - 2016/17)34 ENROLLMENT BY STUDENT TYPE What does this measure & why is it important? In addition to general enrollment, School Districts (SD) also reports break down the number of students enrolled into various categories including number of students enrolled as Aboriginal, Engl ish Language Learner, French Immersion, and Non-Residents.34 What are the trends & current conditions? Table 3 shows the average percentage of students in these four selected categories based on all students for the 2012/13 to 2016/17 school years. The average percent of English Language learner has i ncreased within SD #19, a trend seen across the region, but to a lesser degree. The average percent of Non-Resident learners has also increased, again similar to the trend across the region where Revelstoke has seen a similar increase to Southeast Kootenay (SD #5), Kootenay Lake (SD #8), and Arrow Lakes (SD #10). Student Type Female Male Aboriginal English Language Learner Non-Residents 2012/13 48.8% 51.2% 13.8% 1.2% 1.0% 2013/14 47.9% 52.1% 14.7% 1.0% 1.1% 2014/15 48.9% 51.1% 14.4% 2.0% 2.0% 2015/16 48.1% 51.9% 13.9% 2.1% 1.7% 2016/17 46.2% 53.8% 13.3% 2.7% 2.1% Table 3: SD #19 - Percent of total students by student type for SD19 34 Page | 19 PUBLIC SCHOOL CLASS SIZE What does this measure & why is it important? The BC Ministry of Education school district reports 34 provide an overview on class size. Class size and composition contribute to the quality of students’ learning experience and educators’ ability to meet the learning needs of students. Smaller class sizes generally mean better learning conditions and higher student achievement, especially for younger children and disadvantaged students. 35 As a class becomes larger and more diverse, the ability to address the individual needs of students becomes more difficult. 36 Avg. Class Size (# of students) What are the trends & current conditions? The current class size for Revelstoke elementary schools are relatively similar to that of the provincial average (see Figure 21). Arrow Heights Elementary experienced higher grade 1-3 class sizes (+8% or 1.8 students) than that of the provincial average. Revelstoke secondary school class sizes were -24%, or 4.4 students, lower than the BC average class size for grades 8-12. 25 20 15 10 5 0 Kindergarten Grade 1 - 3 Grade 4 - 7 Grade 8 - 12 Grade Arrow Heights Elementary Columbia Park Elementary Begbie View Elementary Revelstoke Secondary SD#19 Avg. B.C. Avg. Figure 21: SD #19 - Revelstoke average class size by school compared to provincial/district averages (2016/17)34 30 25 20 15 2016/2017 2015/2016 2014/2015 2013/2014 2012/2013 2011/2012 2010/2011 2009/2010 2008/2009 10 2007/2008 Avg. Class Size (# of students) Average class size by grade level for School District #19 has remained relatively stable over the last 10 years (20072017, see Figure 22). Revelstoke Secondary class sizes experienced the greatest decrease between 2013/2014 and 2014/15 school years (-34% or 5.6 students). Grades 4-7 class sizes remain the largest in the school district, an average of -8.6% lower than the provincial average over the same 10-year period. Year Kindergarten Grade 1 - 3 Grade 4 - 7 Grade 8 - 12 Figure 22: SD #19 - Revelstoke average class size (K-12, 2007/08 - 2016/17)34 Page | 20 HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETION What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator measures the proportion of students who graduate, with a BC Certificate of Graduation or BC Adult Graduation Diploma, within six years from the first time they enroll in grade 8 (adjusted for migration in and out of BC). Six-year completion rates reported by the BC Ministry of Education at the school district are included here, which combine public and independent schools. 34 Six-year completion rates are reported for all students, as well as for male, female, Aboriginal, English Language Learning, and Special Needs students. Public School Reports are also available which provides data for individual schools. 37 First-time grad rates provide a measure of students recorded as being in Grade 12 for the first time in September who then graduate in that same school year. The eligible grad rate shows the proportion of eligibl e-to-graduate Grade 12 students who graduated in that school year (eligible when enrolled in sufficient courses to meet graduation requirements). High school completion rates indicate how successful our families, schools, and communities are in supporting students in achieving high school graduation. High school graduation is now the minimum education level for most employment options, and therefore an important foundation for positive work place conditions and future employment success and well -being.38 What are the trends & current conditions? School District #19 six-year completion rates decreased to 81% (-2.6% below the provincial average) during the 2015/16 school year (see Figure 23). 100 % of Total Students 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 Revelstoke 2014/15 2015/16 B.C. Figure 23: SD #19 - Revelstoke six-year completion rates vs. provincial average (2011/12 – 2015/16)34 Although 6-year completion rates have seen a decrease of -12% from 2015/16 to 2014/15, the first-time grade 12 graduation rate and eligible grade 12 graduation rate still remain above the provincial average (+14% and +2%, respectively, see Figure 24). While the 6 year grad rate has decreased below the provincial a verage for 2015/16, first time and eligible grad rates remain above the provincial average. Page | 21 % of Total Students 100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 2011/12 6-Yr Completion Rate 2012/13 2013/14 Elgible Grade 12 Graduation Rate 2014/15 2015/16 1st-Time Grade 12 Graduation Rate Figure 24: SD #19 - Revelstoke graduation rates by category (2011/12 - 2015/16)34 SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator reports on the results of the Provincial Required Examinations. The ‘blended final mark’ is the aggregate combined value of a student’s best course mark and best exam mark from all previous exam and course marks up to the end of that year. The ‘blended final mark’ combines public and independent scores, indicating the level of success achieved by schools. Overall this provides an indicator of how well the school system is serving students. Page | 22 What are the trends & current conditions? An examination of C+ or higher achievement levels reveals Revelstoke students are exceeding provincial levels in Social Studies 11 and English 11, are relatively similar in Science 10 and Communication 12, and are below provincial levels in BC First Nations Studies 12, English 10, and Math 10. 100% 3% 4% 4% 11% 19% 18% 5% 4% 8% 8% 20% 21% 80% 12% 14% 12% 12% 14% 24% 4% 19% 16% 14% 14% 15% 11% 17% 13% 26% 16% 37% 40% 20% 21% 23% 2% 10% 11% 43% 30% 4% 13% 26% 21% 13% 3% 18% 30% 14% 4% 13% 13% 15% 60% 6% 13% 12% 22% % of Enrolled Students 2% 6% 28% 37% 33% 32% 40% 24% 30% 26% 20% 31% 20% 17% 21% 30% 27% 29% 19% 16% 24% 26% 27% 15% 17% Revelstoke Communications 12 English 12 BC First Nations Studies 12 Social Studies 11 Science 10 Math 10, Foundations of and Precalculus English 10 Communications 12 2% English 12 Social Studies 11 Science 10 Math 10, Foundations of and Precalculus English 10 BC First Nations Studies 12 5% 0% B.C. A B C+ C C- F Figure 25: SD#19 - Revelstoke distribution of blended final mark letter grades for all students (2015/16)34 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT What does this measure & why is it important? This indicator measures the number of people over the age of 15 with post-secondary education. Data for this indicator are from the 2011 National Household Survey.1 Responses to the survey record the number of people with: (1) no certificate, diploma or degree; (2) high school diploma or equivalent; (3) apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; (4) college, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma; (5) university certificate or diploma below bachelor level; (6) university bachelor’s degree; and (7) university certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level. Page | 23 Research shows that lower education levels lead to lower levels of general health, resulting in higher incidences of hospitalization and mortality from a number of conditions and diseases. 39 Level of education is highly correlated with other social determinants of health such as level of income, working conditions, and employment security. Education helps people move up the socioeconomic ladder and provides them with better access to other so cietal and economic resources.38 Better-educated citizens also have more ability to adapt and benefit from new training opportunities if their employment situation suddenly changes. With higher education, people generally achieve greater ability and more resources to attain a healthy and secure li fe.40 What are the trends & current conditions? The number of people with no degree, certificate or diploma has decreased -106%, or -1,160 individuals, from 2001 to 2011 (see Figure 26). High school certificate and apprenticeship or trades certificate diploma holders have gradually increased during the same period (+12.5% or +200 and +7.3% or +75, respectively). The number of individuals with university certificates or diplomas below the bachelor level and above both show increases of 44%, or +95 and +375 respectively. 2500 # of individuals 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2001 2006 2011 Year No degree, certificate or diploma High school certificate or equivalent Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma University certificate or diploma below bachelor level University certificate, diploma or degree Figure 26: Revelstoke highest certificate, diploma or degree (2001 - 2011)1 Page | 24 REFERENCES & RESOURCES 1. Statistics Canada. Census Data Sets - 2011 NHS. (2017). 2. BC Stats. Number of Businesses & Employment by Industry. (2017). Available at: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/business -industry-trade/number-of-businesses-andemployment-by-industry. (Accessed: 3rd August 2017) 3. BC Stats. Business Formations and Failures. (2017). Available at: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/economy/business -formations-failures. (Accessed: 22nd August 2017) 4. Government of British Columbia. Investing in Revelstoke, British Columbia. (2016). Available at: https://www.britishcolumbia.ca/invest/communities/british-columbia/thompson-okanagan/columbiashuswap/revelstoke/. (Accessed: 3rd August 2017) 5. BC Stats. Building Permits, Housing Starts & Sales. (2017). Available at: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/economy/building-permits-housing-starts-sales. (Accessed: 3rd August 2017) 6. Stock J., Watson, M. NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1989, Volume 4, New Indexes of Coincident and Leading Economic Indicators. (MIT Press, 1989). 7. Gaudreault, R., Lamy, R. & Liu, Y. Working Paper 2003-12: New Coincident, Leading and Recession Indexes for the Canadian Economy: An Application of the Stock and Watson Methodology . (2003). 8. Government of British Columbia. BC Major Projects Inventory. Available at: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/employment-business-and-economic-development/economicdevelopment/industry/mpi/2012/mpi_june2012.pdf. (Accessed: 3rd August 2017) 9. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Tax revenue. (2016). Available at: https://data.oecd.org/tax/tax-revenue.htm. (Accessed: 8th August 2017) 10. Ministry of Community, S. & C. D. & Ministry of Community Sport & Cultural Development. Local Government Statistics. (2016). Available at: http://www.cscd.gov.bc.ca/lgd/infra/statistics_index.htm. (Accessed: 20th October 2017) 11. Destination British Columbia. MRDT FAQ. (2017). Available at: http://www.destinationbc.ca/BC -TourismIndustry/Municipal -and-Regional-District-Tax-Program/MRDT-FAQ.aspx#Question1. (Accessed: 24th August 2017) 12. Government of British Columbia. Tourism. Available at: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/business -industry-trade/industry/tourism. (Accessed: 24th August 2017) 13. Statistics Canada. Census Datasets - 2016 Census of Population. (2016). Available at: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/datasets/index-eng.cfm?Temporal=2016. (Accessed: 17th August 2017) 14. Statistics Canada. Consumer Price Index (CPI). Available at: http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=2301. (Accessed: 24th August 2017) 15. Statistics Canada. Low Income Lines, 2010 to 2011. Income Res. Pap. Ser. 1–38 (2012). 16. Statistics Canada. Low Income Lines, 2013-2014. (2015). Avail able at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75f0002m/75f0002m2015001 -eng.pdf%0A. (Accessed: 3rd March 2017) 17. Statistics Canada. Market Basket Measure (MBM). (2016). Page | 25 18. Statistics Canada. Table 206-0093 - Market Basket Measure (MBM) thresholds (2011 base) for reference family, by Market Basket Measure region and component, in current dollars and 2014 constant dollars, annual, CANSIM (database). 19. City of Revelstoke Social Development Committee. Revelstoke and Area Healthy Community Project. (2014). 20. Women Creating Change. Living Wage for the Lower Columbia Region. 21. Living Wage for Families Campaign. Living Wages in British Columbia. (2016). 22. Living Wage for Families. Living Wage calculations in BC and Canada. (2016). 23. Federation of Canadian Munici palities (FCM). No Vacancy : Trends in Rental Housing in Canada A QOLRS In Brief Report. Fed. Can. Munic. 1–13 (2012). 24. The Homeless Hub. Affordable Housing. (2016). 25. Statistics Canada. Healthy People, Healthy Places (82-229-X). (2016). Available at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-229-x/82-229-x2009001-eng.htm. (Accessed: 3rd March 2017) 26. Un-Habitat. The Right to Adequate Housing. Fact Sheet 21, 59 (2014). 27. Daniels, T., Keller, J., Lapping, M., Daniels, K. & Segedy, J. The Small Town Planning Handbook. (Planners Press, 2007). 28. Edmonton LIFE. Edmonton LIFE: Local Indicators for Excellence. (2002). Available at: http://www.edmontonsocialplanning.ca/~edmont65/index.php/resources/digital -resources/e-urbanissues/e03-trends/575-2002-edmonton-life-local-indicators-for-excellence. (Accessed: 20th December 2016) 29. BC Stats. Population Estimates - 2016. (2016). Available at: http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Demography/PopulationEstimates.aspx. (Accessed: 21st March 2017) 30. Government of British Columbia. Socio-economic Profiles & Indices. (2012). Available at: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/statistics/people-population-community/socio-economicprofiles-indices. (Accessed: 24th August 2017) 31. Public Health Agency of Canada. What Makes Canadians Healthy or Unhealthy? Public Health Agency of Canada (2013). Available at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ph-sp/determinants/determinants-eng.php. (Accessed: 17th May 2013) 32. Eriksson, U., Hochwalder, J. & Sellstrom, E. Perceptions of community trust and safety – consequences for children’s well-bring in rural and urban contexts. Acta Paediatr. 100, 1373–1378 (2011). 33. BC Stats. Crime & Police Resource Statistics. (2015). Ava ilable at: http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal -justice/policing-in-bc/publications-statisticslegislation/crime-police-resource-statistics. (Accessed: 17th August 2017) 34. BC Ministry of Education. District Reports. (2016). 35. Schools and Society: A Sociological Approach to Education. (SAGE Publications, 2015). 36. Froese-Germain, B., Riel, R. & McGahey, B. Class size and student diversity: two sides of the same coin. Perspectives (2012). 37. BC Ministry of Education. Public School Reports. (2017). Available at: http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/reporting/school.php. (Accessed: 17th August 2017) Page | 26 38. Mikkonen, J. & Raphael, D. Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts. (York University School of Health Policy and Management, 2010). 39. Kashaninia, Z. Education and Health – An Analysis of Regions of British Columbia: Part 1 - Interior Health. (2011). 40. Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Indicators of Well -Being in Canada. (2013). Page | 27 Appendix A: Revelstoke Economic Indicators Indicator Businesses total Data Source Statistics Canada Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Availability and cost of business inputs (tax rates, energy, labour) Trade and Invest BC Revelstoke Description: Average Payroll, Tax, and Utilities Cost for Businesses in Revelstoke Rationale: Direct measure of all registered business counts. Methodology: Scroll down to Statistics Navigator and select download full dataset link. From dataset, extract Payroll Costs, Tax, and Utilities information into separate spreadsheet tabs and highlight indic ator values. Analysis: As historical data is not currently available from this source, indicator values can be populated by year as new information becomes available so that trend lines through time can be monitored. Business Formations BC Stats Description: Number of business formations in Revelstoke, BC, by year. Rationale: Indicator/measure of growth and economic development. Methodology: Download and extract Revelstoke data. Analysis: Plot on new spreadsheet tab and generate line graph depicting business formations from 1990 - 2016. Change in Educational Attainment Statistics Canada Description: This measured the number of individuals that have achieved credentials associated with a range of categories (Certificate, Degree, Diploma). Rationale: Provides insight into the skilled workforce community makeup. Methodology: Download census datasets (2011 NHS-Education and Labour-Census Subdivision-Highest certificate, diploma or degree) + (2006 Census of Population-Education-Census Subdivision-Highest certificate, diploma, or degree) + (2001 Census of Population-Education in Canada: Major Fields of Study-Census Subdivision-Major Field of Study), filtered out Revelstoke specific data, and graphed labour force status/employment rates by credential. Created new sheet (Change_2006-2011) and assembled relevant data so that change of educational attainment through time could be line-graphed. Analysis: Bar graphs of employment/labour force status by credentials for 2006 and 2011. Bar graphs of Partic ipation/Employment rates by credentials for 2006 and 2011. Line graph made to show change in educational attainment through time. Description: Number of businesses as per SC Business Register. Rationale: Direct measure of all registered business counts. Methodology: From data page link select Business, Industry & Trade -> Number of Businesses & Employment by Industry. Then select Business Locati ons by Census Subdivision (municipalities and non-incorporated areas)(XLSX) to download dataset. Filtered census subdivision dataset for years 2007-2016 to include only Revelstoke-CY (CSD). Created 2 spreadsheet tabs (with employees and grand total) and populated by year. Analysis: Generated line graph to illustrate change over time - # of businesses with employees and without as well as both merged. Page | 28 Indicator Population Data Source BC Stats Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Population Statistics Canada Population age/sex Statistics Canada Description: This indicator provides population figures at the census subdivision level for Revelstoke - CY derived from census results. Rationale: Measure of community growth/decline and population dynamics. Methodology: Download respective datasets (filter via 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 Census by Census Subdivision), highlight 2011, 2016 and % Change, For future indicator development download dataset including current year (Population and Dwelling Counts) Analysis: Create table on new sheet and input 2001 and 2006 values from historical Census profiles. Population and Dwelling Counts from Census datasets provide 2011 and 2016 values. Create line graph for 2001-2016 populations and calculate percentage change for its respective table. Description: This indicator provides population figures as they relate to age groups and sex at the census subdivision level for Revelstoke - CY derived from census results. Rationale: Measure of community growth/decline and population dynamics. Methodology: Download respective datasets (Filter to Census Year by Census Subdivision -> Age, Sex, for Population…), highlight 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016. Create new sheet and generate visualizations for 2001 -2016. Analysis: Determine % change for 2001-2016 by age group for total population. Determine % change for 2006-2016 by gender. Plot total population by age group. Plot population by gender (m/f) by age group. Population pyramid for the current year (added i t on its own tab). Male values are multiplied by (-1) so that both m/f can be represented vi sually on a bar graph. Alternatively a column graph can be used for current year M/F populations and 10 year previous comparison (in this ca se 2006) can be added as a new series (in Select Data prompt) and right clicking the series within the chart and sel ecting 'Change series chart type'. This allows for the use of a line graph to represent 10 yr prior values and columns for current year. Description: This indicator provides population figures for Revelstoke - CY derived from BC Stats data results. Rationale: Measure of community growth/decline and population dynamics. Methodology: Download respective dataset (Municipalities, Regional Districts and Development Regions -> 2001 to 2011 XLS & 2011 to 2016 XLS), highlight annually from 2001 through 2016 and % Change. In future indicator updates select dataset includi ng most recent years and create additional year columns as appropriate. Analysis: Create table on new sheet and line graph population by year. Include table/graph showing % change by year. Create table/graph showing comparison between BC Stats Population Estimates and Census Populations for census years and % Change (see Census Population indicator). Page | 29 Indicator New development projects Data Source BC Stats Assessed Values by category Ministry of Community, Sports and Cultural Development Cost of living Consumer Price Index % Change (Canada & BC) National Household Survey Cost of living Shelter Cost to Income Ratio National Household Survey Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Description: The B.C. Major Projects Inventory (MPI), published quarterly, provides summary information on major projects in the Province of British Columbia. The MPI includes a listing of private and public sector construction projects in B.C. with an e stimated capital cost of $15 million (Cdn.) or greater ($20 million or greater within the Lower Mainland–Vancouver area). ESTIMATED_COST of projects are in CAD $millions. Rationale: Provides a measure of major projects and large investments at various levels. Methodology: Downloaded MPI quarterly reports in Excel format for 2012 to most rec ent. Extracted estimated costs of all project types from full dataset tab and by catergory (filter project status column). Region was set to filter by Thompson/Okanagan to extract sums for total and each project status as was done above. Lastly, municipality was set to filter to ‘city of interest and estimated cost sums by project status’ and total was extracted. Respective data can be presented in a table. Analysis: N/A Description: This indicator features categorically organized assessed values for Revelstoke. This includes General Purposes (including residential, utilities, major industrial, light industrial, bus & other, Recreation & Non -Profit, and Farm), respective totals for general purposes, school purposes, and hospital purposes. Rationale: When looked at as a trend through time, valuable insight as to dissemination of assessed values can be explored at the municipal level. Methodology: Downloaded Assessed Values Schedule 701 for 2010-2016 and created table of Assessed Values by category. Analysis: Created line graphs to visualize general purposes assessed valued as follows: Residential, Major/Light Industrial and Utilities, Total General Purposes, Bus and Other, Non-Profit (2010-2016). Description: This indicator measures changes in the price level of market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The CPI is a statistical estimate constructed using the prices of a sample of representative items whose prices are collected periodically. Rationale: Watching percent change of this index provides insight into the current trend in cost of living. Methodology: Downloaded CPI annual averages and extracted percent change for Canada and B.C. into CPI_Canada&BC sheet. Analysis: Created line graph for CPI annual average percent change by year (2000 -2016). Description: This indicator compares out-of-pocket shelter costs to a household's ability to meet those costs. The share of household income spent on shelter costs is known as the shelter -cost-to-income ratio (STIR). Rationale: A threshold of 30% for this ratio is accepted as the upper limit for the purposes of defining need for social housing. Methodology: Downloaded respective STIR datasets and extracted number of households per STIR category by year (2001-2011). Analysis: Created line graph for STIR by number of households for the years 2001-2011. Page | 30 Indicator Owner-occupied housing Data Source National Household Survey Dwelling type Statistics Canada Building activity (commercial, industrial, residential, institutional) BC Stats Housing costs versus incomes (Affordability) Statistics Canada Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Description: Owner-occupancy or home-ownership is a form of housing tenure where a person, called the owner -occupier, owneroccupant, or home-owner, owns the home in which he/she lives. This home can be house, apartment, condominium, or a housing cooperative. Rationale: Provides insight into how home occupation is distributed amongst renters and owners. Useful in assessments of economic well-being. In these assessments , many agree that a household or family occupying a mortgage-free home has a higher level of living than another who rents. Methodology: Downloaded datasets from 2001, 2006, and 2011 (2016 not yet available, released October 2017). Analysis: Bar graph of owner-occupied housing tenure versus rentals from 2001-2011. Total Revelstoke Housing Tenure line graphed from 2001-2011. Description: This indicator provides a measure of dwellings by their structural type. The variable for structural type of dwelling classifies the private dwellings into the following nine mutually-exclusive categories: single-detached house, semi-detached house, row house, apartment or flat in a duplex, apartment in a building that has five or more sto reys, apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys, other single-attached house, mobile home and other movable dwelling. Rationale: When looked at as a trend through time, valuable insight as to dissemination of assessed values can be explored at the municipal level. Methodology: Download structural type by housing tenure census datasets (2001, 2006, and 2016). Filter dataset by census year, housing, census subdivision to find appropriate datasets. 2011 datasets does not provide measure that cap tures # of dwellings by structure type. 2016 structural type by household size provided effective measure for deriving values. Analysis: Bar graph of structure types by # of dwellings (2001-2016). Line graph of total dwellings by structural type (2001 -2016). Description: This indicator provides building permit values by total, categorically, and by units (residential only). Rationale: As a trend through time, this provides a measure of economic development progress. Methodology: Download Building Permits, Monthly from 2003. Extract Revelstoke values for Total, Residential, Commercial, Industrial, and Institutional/Government. In a new spreadsheet tab, extract unit values for residential categories. Analysis: Bar graph to illustrate building permit value by category. Bar graph to illustrate building permit units ( residential) by category. Line graph to show Total Building Permit values through time. Line graph to show Total Residential Building Permit Units through time (2003-2016). Description: This indicator compares out-of-pocket shelter costs to a household's ability to meet those costs. The share of household income spent on shelter costs is known as the shelter-cost-to-income ratio (STIR). Rationale: A threshold of 30% for this ratio is accepted as the upper limit for the purposes of defining need for social housing. Methodology: Downloaded respective STIR datasets and extracted # of households per STIR category by year (2001-2011). Analysis: Created line graph for STIR by # of households for the years 2001 -2011. Page | 31 Indicator Experienced labour force by industry Data Source Statistics Canada Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Experienced labour force by occupation Statistics Canada Unemployment rate Statistics Canada Description: Refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either the current or previous year. (North American Industry Classification System). Rationale: The Experienced labour force variable is frequently used when tabulating occupation, industry and class of worker data. For respondents not currently employed, the data on industry, occupation and class of worker are collected for the job of longest duration since January 1, of the previous year. Methodology: Downloaded labour force by NAIC for 2001 and 2006. Assembled data for individual years as separate spreadseet tabs. Created new spreadsheet tabs for total labour force by year and labour force NAIC classification by year. Analysis: Created line graph for total labour force as reported by census release (2001, 2006) and bar graph illustrating l abour force by NAIC for 2001-2006. Description: This indicator provides the % of employees currently in the labour force that are unemployed. The number of unemployed workers in the labour force has also been included for reference. Rationale: The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labor force. During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences a relatively high unemployment rate. Methodology: Downloaded labour force activity by highest level of schooling for 2001, 2006, and 2011. Created spreadsheet tabs for each year and extracted total number of unemployed workers (in the labour force) as well as total labour force unemployme nt rates by census release. Populated figures by census release for unemployment rate and number of unemployed wo rkers by highest level of schooling. Analysis: Line graph for total labour force unemployment rate versus B.C. unemployment rate and number of unemployed individuals (2001-2011). Bar graphs for unemployment rate and number of unemployed individuals (2001 -2011). Description: Refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, were employed and the unemployed who had last worked for pay or in self-employment in either the current or the previous year. Rationale: The Experienced labour force variable is frequently used when tabulating occupation, industry and class of worker data. For respondents not currently employed, the data on industry, occupation and class of worker are collected for the job of lon gest duration since January 1, of the previous year. Methodology: Downloaded labour force by NOC-S for 2001, 2006, and 2011. Assembled data for individual years as separate spreadseet tabs. Created new spreadsheet tabs for total labour force by year and labour force NOC -S classification by year. Analysis: Created line graph for total labour force as reported by census release (2001, 2006, 2011) and bar graph illustrating labour force by NOC-S for 2001-2011. Page | 32 Indicator Data Source Youth Statistics unemployment rate Canada Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Participation rate Statistics Canada Description: The labour force participation rate is the % of the population that is either employed or unemployed (that is, either working or actively seeking work). Rationale: The participation rate is an important metric to use when analyzing unemployment data because it reflects the number of people who are interested in participating in the work force. These people are either looking for employment or are employed, and are at or above the working age of 16. People not included in the participation rate include those who do not want to wor k or can't work. This includes people such as students, homemakers, incarcerated people and retirees. Methodology: Downloaded labour force activity by highest level of schooling for 2001, 2006, and 2011. Created spreadsheet tabs for each year and extracted total participation rates by census release. Analysis: Line graph for total labour force participation rate by census release (2001, 2006, 2011) and compared to provincial average for same period. Socio-economic profiles and indices (rank of local health areas) BC Stats Description: These indices summarize the social and economic indicators (found in the socio -economic profiles) into a single composite index for the Revelstoke LHA region. 3 types of indices are provided including: an overal l regional socio-econmic index, indices summarizing indicators for a specific topic, indices summarizing indicators for target groups. Rationale: Provides statistics that reflect the social and economic characteristics of the population of Revelstoke. Methodology: Downloaded Revelstoke Socio-Economic Profiles from BC Stats. Extract indices for Revelstoke (versus B.C. where possible) into Revelstoke_Indices sheet tab. Early Learning sheet tab showing # of related facilities and spaces was derived from State of the Family RDI report (Source: Child Care Resource and Referral Services, 2016). Analysis: Generate tables to illustrate socio-economic indices related to Revelstoke versus B.C. wherever applicable. Indices categories include: Children at Risk, Youth at Risk, Crime, Education, Health, Human Economic Hardship. Description: This indicator provides the % of youth employees currently in the labour force that are unemployed. The number of unemployed workers in the labour force has also been included for reference. Rationale: The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labor force. During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences a relatively high unemployment rate. Methodology: Downloaded labour force activity by highest level of schooling for 2001, 2006, and 2011 and sorted these datas ets by youth age group (15-24 years). Created spreadsheet tabs for each year and extracted total number of unemployed youth workers (in the labour force) as well as total youth labour force unemployment rates by census release. Analysis: Line graph for total youth labour force unemployment rate and number of unemployed individuals (2001 -2011). Included comparison to provincial average for same period. Page | 33 Indicator Schools (with class size - K-12) Data Source Ministry of Education Student Enrollment Ministry of Education Student Enrollment - by Type Ministry of Education Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Description: The BC Ministry of Education school district reports provide an overview of class size and composition which includes average class size. Class size and composition contribute to the quality of students' learning experience and educators ability to meet t he learning needs of students. Rationale: Smaller class sizes generally mean better learning conditions and higher student achievement, especially for younger children and disadvantaged students. As a class becomes larger and more diverse, the ability to a ddress the individual needs of students becomes more difficult. With greater support, the diverse range of students can be better reache d, resulting in improved learning outcomes. Methodology: Downloaded BC School District Class Size Summary Reports (Selec t SD#19 Revelstoke, select Class Size Summary Reports PDF by school year) and created spreadsheet featuring class size averages by year (2007 -2017) for SD #19, Provincial Averages, and by schools. Analysis: Bar graph and Line graph for average class size for SD # 19 (K-12, 2007-2017). Bar graph average class size by school (K-12, 2011-2017) compared to District and Provincial average (shown in line format). Description: This indicator measure the number of adults and school -age persons who are enrolled in public schools who are working towards graduation. Data for this indicator were acquired from the provincial reports and school district reports o f the BC Ministry of Education. Rationale: Observing trends in the numbers of students enrolled in public schools provides important information about changing demography and movement of people in and out of the region. It is valuable information for schoo ls and school districts to incorporate into longer term planning. Trends allow for forecasting and can assist in adapting over time. Student enrollment can impact school districts' resourcing and budgets, which can have ripple effects in the community. Enr ollment can also influence the quality of students' learning experiences. Methodology: Downloaded BC School District Reports (Student Statistics) and created spreadsheet featuring SD enrollment by year (2011-2017). Download Public School Reports by individual school. Create table showing headcount (enrollment) by school. Analysis: Line graph SD #19 student enrollment (K-12, 2011-2017) with provincial district averages (calculated from Line graph of Revelstoke Public School enrollment (K-12, 2007-2017). Downloaded BC School District Reports and created spreadsheet featuring SD enrollment by student type (2011 -2016). Table of average % student type by SD (2011-2016). Description: School District reports break down the number of students enrolled into various categories including number of students enrolled as Aboriginal, English Langua ge Learner, French Immersion, and Non-Residents. Rationale: Similar to that of Student Enrollment indicator. Methodology: Downloaded BC School District Reports and created spreadsheet featuring SD enrollment by student type (2011 2016). Analysis: Table of average % student type by SD (2011-2016). Page | 34 Indicator Data Source School achievement Ministry of Education Graduation numbers, rates Ministry of Education Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Description: The blended final mark for a particular year is based on the combined value of a student's best course mark and best exam mark observed from all previous exam and course marks up to the end of that year. These best marks may have been earned in different school years than the reported blended final mark. The blended final mark in the Provincial Required Examinations and Provincial Optional Examinations reports is equal to the blend of the exam mark and course mark provided in those reports. Rationale: The blended final mark showcase the success of B.C.’s school system (both public and independent c ombined). It is one of a number of indicators that demonstrates how well B.C.’s school system is serving its students. Methodology: Downloaded Provincial Required Examinations from Achievements category in XLSX, extracted applicable values to create a spreadsheet featuring distribution of letter grades of blended final course marks for All Students, Female, Male, and Gender Blended. Both provincial and SD # 19 level reports are required (Select Provincial or District Level Reports on sideba r). Values are extracted by going though individual spreadsheet tabs representing Blended Final Marks for each provincially examinable courses. On these tabs are tables featuring blended final marks whereas values (% & #) can be copied for respectiv e categories (All students, female, male, etc.) and populated into 'created' spreadsheet for visualization purposes. Analysis: Use a multi-categorical, stacked (100%) line graph to illustrate distribution of letter grades for 2015/16 of all students, female, male, and blended compared to provincial average. Description: This indicator measures the % of total students that successfully complete secondary school education and further explores these statistics by 3 separate categories (including 6 -year completion, elgible grade 12, and 1st-time grade 12 rates. Honour students have also been included as available. Rationale: The six-year completion and grade 12 graduation rates showcase the success of B.C.’s school system (both public and independent combined). It is one of a number of indicators that demonstrates how well B.C.’s school system is serving its stu dents. Methodology: Downloaded BC School District Reports and created spreadsheet featuring SD 6-year completion, elgible grade 12, and 1st-time grade 12 rates. Honour students have also been included as available. Analysis: Line graphs to illustrate graduation rates (by type) through time (2011 -2016). Bar graph to illustrate honours student graduate rates through time (2013-2016). Line graph showing 6-year completion rate through time by student type. All of these illustrative practices were also applied to compare how SD#19 compared to the provincial average in its respective spreadsheet tab. Page | 35 Indicator Crime rates Data Source Ministry of Justices Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Description: Since 1962, Statistics Canada has collected information on all criminal incidents substantiated and reported by Canadian police services through its annual Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Survey.Note 1 In addition to the UCR Survey, Statis tics Canada also collects information on victims’ experiences with crime through the General Social Survey on Victimization (GSS), conducted every five years. Unlike the UCR Survey, the GSS collects data on criminal incidents whether or not they have been brought to the attention of the police. These complementary surveys are the main sources of data on crime in Canada. Rationale: Provides law enforcement officials and the general public a breakdown of all crimes in the respective area. This may help people become informed about the crime in their city; including which areas have the highest homicide rates, where the major concentration areas are for drugs or vehicle theft, and how often and to what extent interpersonal violence like domestic bat tery or muggings occur. Armed with this information a citizen can make better decisions in where to live, work, or shop, which areas to avoid at night, and where additional crime fighting resources need to be allocated. Methodology: Downloaded BC Policing crime trends by jurisidiction for 2006 -2015. Filtered dataset to highlight Revelstoke municipal and provincial RCMP statistics. Also extracted B.C. average/median where applicable and created spreadsheet tabs fo r the following categories: Criminal Code Offences, Crime Rates, Violent Offences, Proper ty Offences, Homicide, Motor Vehicle Theft, Drug Offences, and Population information for these jurisdictions. Analysis: Line graphs to illustrate # of offences annually (2006-2015) of all categories (spreadsheet tabs) vs B.C median values. % change was also calculated and compared to the province. Page | 36 Indicator Municipal Tax Revenues Data Source Ministry of Community, Sports and Cultural Development Description / Rationale / Methodology / Analysis Description: “Tax burden” describes the amount of personal income, corporate income and consumption taxes, as well as social security contributions, paid. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) makes international comparisons by defining “tax burden” as tax revenues as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). Each tax base’s contribution to tax revenues varies across countries and over time. In 2008, consumption taxes were the most important contributor to tax revenues in OECD countries, followed by personal income taxes and social security contributions, which wer e equally important; corporate taxes ma de the least contribution. The relative importance of personal income taxes and social security contributions has changed over time, with personal income taxes falling and social security contributions rising. Th e contribution made by corporate income taxes to tax revenues in OECD countries has been steady since 1965, while consumption taxes have declined in importance. Rationale: Tax burdens influence decisions about production, consumption and savings. Internationally, part of a country’s appeal to potential investors is its relative tax burden. Domestically, the comparative importance of income and consumption taxes, as well as social security contributions, affect investment, labour market and other decisions by businesses and individuals. Wi th a focus on competitiveness, growth and economic recovery, tax burdens may be of interest as policy -makers identify the conditions needed for Canada to be an attractive location in which to work and do business. Methodology: Download BC Municipaliy Statistics for Revelstoke and CSRD, including Assessed Values, Tax Burden, Tax Rate, Taxes & Charges on a Representative House, and Total Taxes & Charges for relevant years of interest (2005 -2016). Filter datasets to extract figures for Revelstoke and CSRD and populate spreadsheet tabs with rows representing respective year in table rows. Analysis: Assessed Values - Line graphs for General Purposes Assessed Values for Residential, Business & Others, and Recreation Non-Profit categories through time. Bar Graph comparing general purposes assessed values distribution amongst utilities, light and major industry. Bar graph comparing total assessed values by tax categories (hospital, schools, general purposes). Tax Burden - Line graphs illustrating authenticated roll general taxable values, total municipal taxes ($) and, where appropriate, municipal tax per capita ($), for the following categories: Property Totals, Business, Light Industry, Major Industry, Recreation, Residential, and Utilities. TaxChargeRepHouse - Line graphs showing representative house value and its respective charges/taxes over time (2005 2016). Tax Rates - Bar graphs comparing tax rates as they have been applied to Residential, Recreation Non -Profit, Farm, Light/Major Industry, Supportive Housing and Utilities of the following categories: Total Tax Rates, School Tax Rates, Hospital Tax Rates, Regional District Tax Rates, and Municpal Tax Rates. Total Taxes & Charges - Line graph showing total property taxes/charges and % change through time (2005-2016). Page | 37 Not Reported Immigration BC Stats Housing age Statistics Canada House prices Statistics Canada Housing condition Statistics Canada Description: A person who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by Canadian immigration authorities. In the Census, immigrants are the total count of those resident in a geographic area; data is available by country of birth, period of immigration to Canada, and age at time of immigration. Immigrant landings data provides the number of immigrants who physically arrive in Canada during a specified period; data is available by country of last permanent residence. Methodology/Analysis: N/A Limitation: Only available by Regional District and/or Development Region. Description: Period of construction refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. This refers to the period in which the building was originally built, not the time of any later remodelling, additions or con versions. Respondents were asked to indicate the period of construction, to the best of Rationale: Housing age can be derived from this statistic. Methodology/Analysis: N/A Limitation: Data only available for 2001/2006 Census (if derived from Housing Condition – Construction Period) Description: Value of dwelling' refers to the value of the entire dwelling, including the value of the land it is on and of any other structure, such as a garage, which is on the property. If the dwelling is located in a building which contains several dwelli ngs, or a combination of residential and business premises, all of which the household owns, the value is estimated as a portion of the market value that applies only to the dwelling in which the household resides. Methodology/Analysis: N/A Limitation: Data only available for 2006 Census. Description: Regular maintenance refers to painting, furnace cleaning, etc. Minor repairs refer to the repa ir of missing or loose floor tiles, bricks, or shingles, defective steps, railing or siding, etc. Major repairs refer to the repair of defective plumbing or electrical wiring, structural repairs to walls, floors, or ceilings, etc. Methodology/Analysis: N/A Limitation: Data only available for 2001/2006 Census. Page | 38