IROPERTY OF THE PROVl~IAL ARCHAEOLOGiST"S OFFICE LOC {CASTL} Mb/712455 _E_ __]A__l:]_"j _ P 5_3 19 7 3 c~ 1 PIKE, JAMES '-A FORMAL ANALYSIS OF LITHIC _ _ F'P,021 D1Pu7, 'TOP OF THf:'. WQj{L.D, BRITISH COLUMBIA James Pike Anthropolo~y 240 December 20, 1973 (_ l>.BSTRACT A survey of Top of the World Provincial Park located a quarry site and numerous "workshopH areas. formal analy A s of surface-collected lithic materials from scatter at this site (D1Pu7) is the quarried material, but many lithic materials foreign to the quarry area are also _;:Jresent. Artifacts are grouped on the basis of position and extent of retouch and type of raw material utilized. A e variation within artifact classes necessitates individual description·in many cases. Functional inferences I are avoided. Sampe inadequacies ..limit the data obtained, but all cores and most bifacial edges are of the quarried material, while most unifacial edges are of the lithic material. :£ ,,.,-, / .- .::":> ~~·~; .. ~ ,:: ' t L·\:~i~:k i:' ~ ~- l ( ign i t .( .. ·' .TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION . 1 D1Pu7 Site Description . . . 3 Clas fication. 9 Measuring Technique . 10 . 12 Raw Materials . 12 A. TVC . . 12 B. Exotic Materials. 13 Detritus. . 14 Utilized Flakes 15 ?ORt'-LZl,.L ( . /.,.NALYSIS. . CORES AND BYPRODUCTS . I. 19 Unprepared cores. 19 (a) Block cores. . (b) Tabular chipping nuclei an~ 20 II. Prepared cores . . 21 III. Indeterminate core byproducts . 22 BIFACES. I. II. 25 Bi faces . . 25 (a) TVC . . 25 (b) Exotic material. . Bifaces with basal indentation. FORMED UNIFACES. 27 27 30 ii ( byproducts iii Page Ri\RGINAL RETOUCH 33 1. TVC • . 33 II. Exotic materials. 35 (a) Basalt . . . . 35 (b) Gold chalcedony . . 36 ( c) Creamy white chert . . 37 (d) Red-orange chalcedony . . 37 (e) Red-brown chalcedony . 38 (£) "Silicified sedimentary" . 38 (g) Siltstone. 39 • r.USCELLANEOUS ARTIFACTS. . 41 • (a) Felsite. 41 (b) TVC. 41 (c) Red brown chert. (d) Brown siltstone . . 42 (e) Tan chert . . 42 • • . . ... 41 SUMMARY. 43 CONCLUSIONS. 44 REFERENCES CITED . . . . . . . --·· :; 45 LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE I Detritus Distribution by Material Type. 15 II Utiliz Flake Distribution by Material Type. III Tabular Chipping Byproducts . IV Prepared Cores. . 22 v TVC Bif aces . . 26 VI Formed Unif aces . 31 VII Marginal Retouch, TVC . VIII Marginal Retouch, Basalt . . 36 IX Marginal Retouch, Gold Chalcedony 37 x Distribution of Artifacts by Material Type . . 43 . . . . . . . . . . -·~ ( iv . . 17 21 34 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. Page Surface Features of Top of the World and Surrounding Area. 2 2. Top of the World Region . 3. Over-all view of D1Pu7. 6 4. D1Pu7 Surface Scatter . . . 7 5. D1Pu7 Exotic Materials "cache". 7 6. Cores and Byproducts. 18 7. Bifaces _ 24 u. <;1 Formed Un 9. Marginally Retouched Artifacts. 32 Miscella.11eous Art if acts . 40 10. ::i.ces 29 v . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although the author.is fully responsible for the. presented material, the assistance of individuals and institutions is gratefully acknowledged. Dr. D. H. Mitchell and Mr. N. Rolland of the Univer of Victoria Department of Anthropology have fered direction and provided reference material from their personal libraries. Mr. G. F. West and Mr. W. J. McMillan.kindly identified a saiL1.ple of the site lithic material types. The Archaeology Division of the British Co1.u.:.-nbia. Provincial lil.useu..m and the Archaeological Sites 11.dvisory Board have been helpful.in many ways and.have furnished much of the reference material utilized. The Provincial Parks Branch supplied a large scale map of the park area. vi INTRODUCTION Top of the World is a glaciated, mountainous region east of the Kootenay River, lying between the Hughes and Van Nostrand Ranges, approximately twenty-five air miles Cranbrook, B.C. north north east Historically, the area is the territory of the Upper Kutenai Indians_ (Chamberlain 1892). Access to the area is a by the Lussier River ("Sheep Creek") and Coyote Creek from the north, and the west fork Galbraith Creek from the south. The maximum elevation is Mt. Morro (9,553'), although most of -- the area is between 7 I ooo:· and 8, 500'. Vegetation is Alpine and sub-Alpine coniferous; soil is generally a thin brown alluvial-loessal silt overlying till, outwash or the limestone bedrock. On July. 28-29 / 1973 / five members ·of the Libby Reservoir Archaeology Project (field director Wayne Choquett~ Bill Brown, Robin McCauley, Bob Powell and the author) undertook a partial site survey of Top of the World Provincial Park, entering by way of the west fork of Galbraith Creek. Sixteen sites were located and recorded (DkPul, D1Pu2-16), including a quarry site, a rockshelter and numerous "workshop 0 areas. Cultural materials collected on this survey, including those presented in this p.aper, are 1 '' ~..;_ ~.... ·, ·-...__--./ \ I.t 1_, ~ ,~· v 'V I'I ! -~· ~; __ ,.-- --J· -- '-:"" ··. 1."lskookumcheck 0 ·~ ··-- ... _· ~ ~:-,-,. ~ . ,_ . .·--=--' , .(1 '· '. ~: .'. - z ·--\Premier L. f \:---~ .. ___ _,- ,.,. ' l'~ I.:. 8745' ,· ........... :\, :P 0 I '· ' J l _... II .... I ... -·· ·~- LI. 9175' '· j / ,J. 8696' _ --) '. _ •/ /.,,. , ....- .... ~ '\ .:ii. · VVorld '3720' . j . ---- -·_:·: ,-" ·--~­ . >-- ~ ~... ~ .~- \ ?.,_~~....--...---···· ··-·--· l "---.J-·.· ' Q J-- ;],. 8687' .I ____ , _____. --. b "'°'-":°·-~% '.r~7:.--:- .. 1_ . -----;~':.-~ ___..--' /~- ,-------------... ......------. ~. .__ ...- --., -~--­ ~' 5 Vegetation is a sparse Alpine growth with stunted subAlpine conifers occurring on the south perimeter. A light brown alli.:tvial-loesall silt occurs with limestorie till and bedrock. No estimate is available for the depth of the ri but the surface is cracked and appears eroded- .. ~.eposi-cs, Large amounts ot TVC chipping detritus as 'well as some exotic materials are present. Features are difficult to determine beyond the obvious concentrations of detritus. Fire broken rock would of necessity be limestone, i t being the only naturally occurring rock area. ~s (except chert) in the An identification of fire cradced or broken limestone such, cannot be made with confidence. can be observed, and bone fragments) faunal mater No charcoal or ash col.lected ( 2 only one is burnt. Undoubtedly,' the site is disturbed, mainly from the effects of weather, notably wind and water erosion. As cultural material in the site collection is entirely surface . •' collected, there is no vertical dimension and of course, no direct archaeological associations can be made. It is also possible that before bur surveyr the site has been collected from by relic collectors and other visitors. Some of the brighter coloured exotic materials would seem especially vulnerable in this regard. to the survey, sev~ral Previous people had mentioned to Wayne Choquette that they knew of "obsidian" deposits around Top of the World area (Keddie 1971). The fact that the park .; . .~ -·. 6 FIG. 3. Over-all view of D1Pu7- View from above looking south west. D1Pu7 is just below and slightly to the left of centre. itself is virtually undeveloped wilderness, requiring travel by foot or horseback has probably served to minimize pot-hunting, although the possibility cannot be entirely discounted. In addition to the above limitations are problems posed by the nature of the sample and method of collection. These are not in any way intended to excuse short-comings, ( but to aid in.the evaluation the presented material. 7 FIG. 4. D1Pu7 Surface Scatter Concentration of TVC Flakes. Scale is 15 cm. D1Pu7 Exotic Mater~als "cache" Four Basalt artifacts are shown ·with some TVC detritus. Scale is 15 cm. FIG. 5. 8 - \ Although the collection contains a range of lithic material types, detritus, artifacts and unmodified blocks of raw ma U~rial, 118 specimens is an admittedly small sample size. Surface collection was, strictly speaking, non rancloro, and with the exception of one locality (a small cache of exotic material with TVC detritus), non systematic. While the.ce was no conscious favouring of artifacts over detritus, or one particular artifact type, exotic lithic materials are probably over represented, resulting in a skewed sample. Binford and Papworth make several observations about the nature of a quarry site (the Eastport Site, ---- ( ~-ntrim County, Michigan) which may be relevant to D1Pu7; thot1gl1 no direct data is available to support the arguinent that occupations were seasonal, seems reasonable that the gathering and processing of stone at the "quarry" would·be a warm weather activity~··." and, "since the Eastport site has been tentatively ident ied as a functionally specific site where quarry activities were carried out it is certainly not representative of the entire range of the socio-cultural system represented:~. (1963: 119~21). \, If indeed a similar situation exists at D1Pu7, the sample is biased. , ! .i .. :·;!~~r . T f ' , / '__ ' 9 lassif ication All artifacts in the D1Pu7 site collection are included in the broad category "chipped stone" and have been classified according to the extent and position of flaking and retouching and secondly, raw material utilized. Th2 attributes that define each class and sub-class are discussed in the formal analysis. Most of the terms used in the analysis are those defined by Anta M. White (1963), whose work has been relied upon for much of this paper. It is recognized that the classes are constiucted and may not "accurately and reliabl~ reflect th~ classes of the artifact maker&·~" (Deetz 1971: 73) Sackett notes that " ( . the attributes that make up the formal spectrum of an archeological assemblage rarely segregate with perfect consistency among artifacts, but instead almost always exhibit a degree of seemingly random combination. Consequently artifacts are never identical but only more or less similar. . " ·(Sackett 1966: 357) •· Because of the small sample sizer to avoid ". .a·situation wherein each individual constitutes a class by itself. (Bre-w 1971: 83) " classification tends to be somewhat inclusive with resultant variations within s~b-classes. Bordes' concept of a "hierarchy of characteristics of classification" has been found useful in view of the above. (196lb:l). In accordance with 1:.-vhi te r "Functional terms, such 10 as "scrapers" - ( . are avoided in the formal classif icatio~ since little is known of the actual function of many artifacts. The necessity of using technological definitions instead of common terms has been previously discussed (Gardin 1958) and needs no repi~ition." (1963: 11). Binford and Papworth (1963: 79) observe that lf the attributes which some archaeologists believe to be indicative of such techniques as pressure flaking are questioned by other archaeologists,. but formal differences can not be argued about as such." Flaking and retouching are described in the analysis, but inferences as to the motor hal;i ts employed in the production of artifacts are avoided. Work done by Semenov (1964) has provided the basis ( for observations of wear patterns on certain artifacts, although this has not been studied in depth in the following analysis and does not reflect the quality of Semenov's work. All artifacts bear the site. code (D1Pu7) ·and a catalogue number, but are referred to only by the catalogue nu.i.uber to simplify presentation of this report. - (After- .. ?1itche:t.r,--197I) ; · Measuring Technique Measuring technique is consistent with that outl~ned by White (1963: 10). Brie length is defined as the maximum distance from the striking platform, where (_ determinable, even if the artifact is wider than it is long. 11 Bifacial artifacts are measured along the longitudinal axis. ( In the case of a relatively amorphous artifact, the inciple of the small0st containing rectangle is followed,. length being the maxi.mum dimension. Width is measured normal to the longitudinal axis at the broadest point~ order to avoid an inflated thickness dimension, this measurement is taken irnrnediately after the bulb of press'.l:ce or percussion, where present. Thickness is the maximum dimension between dorsal and ventral surfaces. All measurements are expressed in centimeters, to the nearest millimeter, in a standard order, length, width and thickness. Parenthetic measurements denote a fr Weight "ls-expressed in grams, where given. ( ( FORMAL ANALYSIS Raw Materials A. 'l'VC Lithic materials identified as translucent vitreous chert exhib a considerable range in colour, translucence and ove~all quality, although there are basic sirnilarit which justify this identification. s All varieties of TVC are assumed to be indigenous to the area (i.e. :Erorn local quarry sources) _ The importance of this material warrants a fairly detailed discussion. As previously noted, the most abundant ( the area and the si t:e collection is TVC. L lI1 At the headwa t.ers of north Galbraith Creek, at the 7,500 1 level, one of the sources for this material was located, a quarry site designated D1Pul2. There, outcrops of grey, grey white and black TVC occur in alternating layers with the limestone matrix. A previously recorded outcrop near the headwaters of Coyote Creek, DlPul, is possibly obsidian" descri~ed (Keddie 1971). as a "glassy basalt or Although DlPul was reported by a local guide and prospector, and not visited by Keddie or the 1973 surveyr it seems likely that this material is at least similar to TVC. As D1Pul2 alone cannot account for all the observed c varieties of TVC, there are probably other quarry sites in 12 13 the area. Chamberlain notes that "The stone arrow head. was of flint. . obtained. . by the Upper Kootenays of the region about Fort Steele from the vicinity of Sheep Creek~" 11 (18g2: 564). (The Lussier River is known locally as Sheep Creek") . As represented in the C1Pu7 collection, the colour of T\JC ranges from grey-white and grey to grey-black and r:iay be solid, banded or occasionally mottled. Generally the lighter shades pass most light, darker specimens being translucent only on thin edges, but this is not invariable. Vitreosity also varies, at least one artifact (No. 11), has a granular area grading into a vitreous area. In piec2s of poor quality, impuritiesr fissures and small cracks are ( often present. Orthogonal fracture, splitting along cleavage planes and a tendency to step flake are common. Cortical surfaces show traces of the limestone matrix, usually remaining as a thin, tan or grey "rind" although it is sometimes present as a relatively thick (.2-.4 cm) layer. B. Exotic Materials Many types of exotic materials are present at the site, but an exact identification as to lithic sometimes difficult. ~ype is Sixteen selected specimens were identified by an experienced rockhound and also a geologist, with differences of opinion certain areas, but this would seem to be mainly a problem in terminology. Indeed, as Crabtree writes, "My analysis of lithic materials. . may l4 differ from the mineralogist's definition because our not the same.," purpose (Crabtree 1967:8) Basically, Crabtree considers jasper and agate to be var ions of chalcedony, ~ . the primary material in the formation of all cryptocrystalline quartz family rocks" In v:Le•H of the above, all "jaspe:;:-" and "agate" (1967: 12) - in the collection are referred to as "chalcedony". Bes of chalcedony noted are variet s the of basalt, chert and other materials sometimes repre by only one or two specimens (e.g. fels , silstone) , those which can only be identified including descriptive sense (e.g. "si a cified sedimentary"). These materials are more fully described in the indLuidual ( scription. artifact Artifacts manufactured of material exotic to the site are 11 . taken as evidence of their having been manufactured elsewhere and introduced into the site as finished artifacts." (Binford·and Papworth 1963: 106). At present, only one exotic lithic material is identifiable as· to source, Avon chertr a creamy white chert quarried near Avon, Montana. (Wayne Choquette pers. com_) Detritus A total of.twelve flakes and uni.-nodified blocks of raw mate=ials are class all of a small size. ied as detritus. The flakes are 15 Two specimens of a grey to dark grey TVC are fragments, quadrilateral in cross section with flat, llel dorsal and ventral surfaces. The specimen is perhaps worthy of note in anticipation of similar "tabular flakes" (White 1963: 13) which are partially acially chipped in the "Cores and byproducts" class- It is (7.7) X (4-6) X 1.6 cm. and weighs 62.8 g_ TABLE I Detritus Distribution by Material Type Material Type Number TVC 8 chalcedony 2 basalt l ·indeterminate 1 Total 12 Flakes The attributes which distinguish "use" retouch from intentional retouch are adopted from Bordes (196lb) and ·white (1963). Both authors observe· that "utilized" flakes can be due to human use or natural causes (pseudo artifacts) but Bordes notes that they merit consideration. Basically, use retouch is characterized by small ~ irregular, discontinuous flake scars on acute, steeply ( bevelled or broken flake edges, often having a serrated or crushed appearance. In some casesr it is difficult to 16 ( determine if retouch is intentional or a result of wear pressure. This is later dealt with in the discus3ion of ' marginal retouch. Utilized flakes form a large part (over 47%) of the artifact total but are here only briefly considered as no recurrent pattern is evident. TVC utilized flakes show a wide range in colour and ' . .., overall quality as noted in the discussion of raw mat:eriaLs, - and are generally irregular in shape and rather thick. I'Jhen collected, most of the TVC flakes were thought to be sinply detritus, but a closer exarnination showed the characteristics of utilization. ( ---~ Some appear to be fragments of larger flakes. Utilized flakes-of exotic materials are generally thinner than the TVC flakes and appear more regular in shape. At least.three distinct types of chert can be distinguished, five flakes of a light tan chert, one of a sandy tan chert and four·of a cream white to orange brown chert (although possibly all four are distinct types in themselves). Chalcedonies range from a pink .white through yellow orange to a deep red brown and probably represent at least three distinct types. Three utilized flakes of exotic materials ·warrant . specific mention. ( No. 34: ~ 2.4 X 1.6 X 0.5 cm. This chalcedony flake has an overall "wedge" shape (no inference as to function) 17 with large, thick, irregular scars suggesting a rather heavy handed usage. No. 40: 4.8 X 4.7 X 0.7 cm. A flake of a basalt showing many small gas bubbles is remarkable both because of its size and regularity, presenting an almost perfect diamond shape. One edge has a crushed broken appearance. No. 73: (2.3) X (2.7) X 0.3 cm. A brown siltstone fragment has a utilized "beak" or projection although the . , material does not appear to be especia.L hard or tough. , ___ 'I'ABLE II Utilized Flake Distribution by Material Type Material Type ( - Number TVC 31 chert 10 chalcedony 7 basalt -'- siltstone 1 Total 50 , 18 ( c b ci g e d h m FIG. 6. Cores and Byproducts a, block core; b-g; tabular chipping byproducts; h-j, pyramidal cores; k, 1, prepared core fragments; m, n, indeterminate core byproducts~ CORES AND BYPRODUCTS "The term 'core' which flakes are refers to a block or nodule from detached.~ (White 1963: 6). The twelve artifacts in this category are divided into three classes~ "Unprepared cores", "Prepared and "Indeterrni:i.ate core byproducts". classes and their sub~classes cores~' All art in these are of TVC. ed cores I. "Unprepared· core is the term used when pr stri~ing f restricted to the preparation of a platform. Flake3 are struck by more or less flat flaking. 11 (White 1963: 6). (a) Block cores "The block core is characterized by a relatively flat straight face from which flakes were removed·:·'.' (Binford and Papworth 1963: 83). One artifact may be classed as a block core. No. 56: (Fig. 6a), 6.8 X 5.9 X 4.5 cm, 168.1 g. Striking platforms have been prepared over most of the edge of the core by battering. Adjacent to the flaked surface is a plane fracture at right angles '" to the banding of the material. ( The outer surface is tan in colour with parallel striations resulting 19 20 ( from the erosion of softer bands in the material. (b) Tabular chipping nuclei and byproducts "Tabular £lakes hi.lve a quadrilateral crosssection; both inner and outer surfaces are flat and parallel .. " (White 1963: 13). Flakes with flat dorsal surEaces are characteristic byproducts. 'l'he six artifacts in this subclass all have remnants of flat surf aces on one face s (dorsal) , lar to those on an unmodified block of TVC described under "Detritus". One specimen, No. 68, has been only slightly __ ( retouched, but a natural acute tion on both sides. A cortical surface has served as a striking platform. Four specimens, No. 's 65, 3r 35r 63, are partially bifically flaked. No. 35 shows a large nega.tive bulbar scar on the ventral surface and remains of cortex on both ends. Two artifacts, No.'s 30, 63r have similarly unifacially retouched edges along a steep broken edge ·which is concave in cross section. No. 63 shows utilization both on the unifacial edge and the remaining part of the bifacial edge. Both have cortex remaining on one end and are of a high ( quality TVC. 21 TABLE I I I Tabular Chipping Byproducts Artif c:ict No. Dimensions Weight Notes 68 3.8 x 4.9 x 1.3 cm. 29.7 g (Fig. 65 .:) • 0 ..., ,A. x 0.8 cm. 13.5 g (Fig. Ge) v 1.1 cm. 4.6 x ( 2. 2) ,, 13.3 g (Fig. 6d) x 1.1 cm. 22.9 g (Fig. 3 0 ( 3 - 3) 35 4.9 x ( 2 - 4) 63 ( 2. 7) ,v 30 ( 3 - 3) 6b) 6e) . ( 2. 7) x 0.8 cm. 6.9 g (Fig. 6f) x ( 2. 6) x 0.9 cm. 8.1 g (Fig. 69) cores II. Prepared cores are distinguished by the "presence o.f a systematic lateral preparation~·" (White 1963: 6) . Three artifacts in this subclass are termed "pyramidal cores". ·Flake scars run f.rom the striking platform to the apex of the corer but lack the regularity and parallel sides associated with blade cores. These may have served as lamallar (blade-like) cores although no TVC laroallar flakes are present in ~he site collection. One of these cores, No. 31, is made ·of a high quality TVC and shows very carefull. platform preparation. A similar specimen, No. 32, has an unmodified cortical surface as the striking platform and is made of an inferior grade of TVC with impurities throughout. i\ No. 75 is similar, but fragmented. Two specimens of dark grey-black TVC are core ~ remnants or fragments which exhibit some lateral 22 preparation, but it is difficult to determine if they represent a single platform type. Both have cortical surfaces which have served as striking- platforms. One of these, No. 60 1 has cortex on both ends and may be a No. 74 is similar but is double platform core. fragmented. T.L\BLE IV Prepared Cores Artifact No. ions 2.9 x -. < v ,1. --' Notes Cill- 28.9 g (Fig.6h) LB cm. 25.3 g (Fig.Si) x { l. 2) cm. 12.2 CJ (Fig.6j) x 10.3 g {Fig. 6k) 14.0 g (Fig.61) 2.0 ,.!"" 3.4 x 3.9 x III~ Weight D 75 (L 9) x \ J 74 ( 2. 4) x ( 3 - l) 60 2.6 I") r • \ 0 J (1. 7) x 3.7 x 1.3 cm. era. Indeterminate core byproducts Two artifacts are associated ·with cores, but cannot be placed in either of the preceding classes. No. 67: (Fig. 6ml, 4.0 X 1.7 X 2.1 cm., is a blocky flake quarter round in cross section. One side bears platform preparation on a cortical surface. No bulbar scar is present, the flake appears to be the result of an accidental fracture rather than an intentionally created form. No. 103: (Fig. 6n), 5.3 X 1.4 X 1.8 cm., lS a long 23 nar~ow splinter-like flake, roughly triangular in cross-section- It presents several long edges and a narrow, steeply ended tip, all of i:vhich show ti on. liza- 24 ( .... ~. - -'i_, -- .... __ -~ .- .- ~ ~ ·\:, c ·..-.- ,:,:1 b a .. ; ( . ~ ··. . :c~~;i1~i~'l e d g h FIG. 7. Bifaces a-g, TVC bifaces; h, chert biface fragment; i, j bifaces with basal indentation. TVC ( BI FACES Bifacial artifacts shotl'f flaking over all or most. of both dorsal and ventru.l surfaces and are character cally bi-convex in cross section. A subclass considers those bifaces which exhibit secondary modificutions, spec i. ically basa1 indent:::ttions or "notching". Bifaces (a) TVC The: longest. biface, No. 59, shows a remnant of a tabular surfa.c.2, but is otherwise completely served as a "back" for this object, the opposite distal edge shows some utilization. A biface, No. 69, is missing parts of both distal and proximal ends. The flaking suggests skilled craftsmanship, considering the very poor quality of TVC. The distal portion of a large biface, No. 13, ·nas broken on a flaw in the material. The tip is marginally retouched, but the edges show no attempt at regularization. Two complete specimens, No. 61 and No. 15, are similarly ovate and almost the· same size. Both are relatively thick and bear large flake scars over 25 26 both surfaces. ( No. 61 shows numerous step flakes \ and appears less well formed than No. 15 which is of a better quality TVC. Some r:i.arginal retouch is present on both artifacts. A basal fragment, No. 14, shows signs of broken edge. utilization on the The bifuce is relatively thin and shows well controlled flaking. The TVC is black, almost resembling obsidic:rn. A small biface, No. anomaly. . 93, -, It is compie is somewhat of an bif icially flaked, but is as:yme-trically })j_-con,.te:< ::..n cross-s on c.nd asyrnetrical in out TABLE v TVC Bif aces Dimensions Artifact No. Notes x ( 2. 8) x 0.9 cm. (Fig. 7a) x 1.1 cm. (Fig. 7b) 59 6.5 69 (5.2) ,{'. v 2.7 13 ( 4 - 0) x ( 2. 9) 61 4.5 15 v 2.6 x 0.9 cm. 4.3 "" 14 ( 2. 6) x 93 2.5 x 1.1 cm. x 2.8 x 1.0 cm. '-' ;; ( 3. l) x 0.7 cm. 1.8 x 0.8 cm. (Fig. 7c) (Fig. 7d) (Fig. 7e) (Fig. 7:f.) (Fig. 7g) 27 (b) i \ Exotic material No. 54: (Fig. 7h), (3.2) X 1.4 X O. 7 cm., is a thick, narrow biface made of an creamy beige chert. The proximal section has a opaqu~ waxy lustre, but the fragmented distal section appears discoloured and has a dull, flat finish. The broken area has two. large flake scars which have a rough granular appearance. This is possibly the result of thermal action. Two very slight lateral indentations are present near the base, but.they may be fortuitous. It is :Eicult to determine the artifacts original length or form II. Two TVC bifacial artifacts are well formed, symrnetr ical and exhibit a single basal indentation, probably to facilitate hafting. No. 12: (Fig. 7i), (3.8) x 2:4 X o.8 cm., complete, lacking part of the tip. is almost. The original length can be reasonably estimated at 4.4 cm. From a basal width·of 1.0 cm., the sides curve outward to the .maximum width of the biface and continue to arc towards the tip. The basal indentation is 0.25 cm. deep and 0.80 en. wide. .i:.:ro. 11: (Fig. 7j), (3.7) X 1.8 X 0.6 cm~ An incom- plete specimen is lenticular in cross-section and has 28 ( essentially straight, parallel sides (lanceolate). At the fragmented distal end, the sides appear to begin to converge, but no accurate estimate of original length can be made. 0.85 cm. wide_ ( 'l'he basal indentation is 0. 35 cm. and 29 0 b - -- _,. _, ( ,,..~ ' .; :·'\ -:."' '-::;: d c FIG. 8. Formed Unif ac.es a, distal fragment; b, ( Cr dr complete artifacts. ( F0Rt"1ED UNIF ACES This group of artifacts have well defined outlines and are unif ac flaked over all or most of the dorsal All DdVe a s surface. ly retouched unifacial transverse working edge and are manufactured on flakes with concave ventral surfaces (longi 3ection). All are of exotic materials. No. 22: This specimen is a distal It is parallel sided, with the main working edge slightly oblique to the s This surface. 1 I1l1e exhib e::~ ( "~~~~~ n 0 ~~::1~; . ;:o~'\T i-d~~_fi;1 p q u v FIG. 9. _ Marginally Retouched Artifacts a-h, TVC; i-m, basalt; n-q gold chalcedony; r, cherti s, ·i-edorange chalcedony; t, red-brown chalcedony; u, " silicit':i.ed sedimentary"; v, silstone. ( MARGINAL RETOUCH Marginal retouch is confined to the marginal edges the form_ ten confined to one surface "Retouching is s and both and one edge, but may be present on all surf aces and may be loc zed or continuous. . a variety of combinations. 19'70). Because a large var o:f the same form." tion and small (Reeves sai.~ple size, as to raw this class are grouped artifacts This results material type in the interests of doing the least violence to dataMarginal retouch is dis ( ished from u 's continuity and by th2 ulari this is difficult to determine. , Lut liz some cases Certain of these artifacts are classed as retouch on the basis of similarities ·with readily class iable artifacts; i.e. edge. shape, raw material, general form and extent of retouch. Almost all artifacts in this class exhibit unifacial retouch, usually on the dorsal surface of an edge. Unless otherwise noted, "retouchn here means "unifacial retouch on the do:r:sal surface. 11 I. TVC All artifacts unifacially retouched. this sub clas~ are steeply In all cases the retouch is confined to a small area with little or no forming of 33 34 ( other edges. Some are probably fragments of larger tools, or may simply have been produced on broken flakes with desirable edge forms. Two artifacts warrant individual description. No. 79 formed on a blocky flake with some cortex attached. The dorsal working edge and slightly conc::tve ventral surface bear utilization scars. No. 7 is unusually retouched; the flake scars run alraost parallel to the working edges, formed on a tabular surface. 'I'ABLE VII Marginal Retouch, ( fact No. TVC Notes Dimensions 79 { 2. 5) x 3.0 x 1.1 cm. (Fig. 9a) 7 (3 .1) x (2. l) x 0.7 cm. (Fig .. 9b) 92 (2.2) x (2.5} x 0.6 cm. (Fig. 9c) 66 { 2. 9) x ( 2. 7) x 0.5 c:r::i.. (Fig. 9d) 89 { 2. 9) x 80 {2. 5) 84 1.7 90 ( 1. 4) v ..:• {1.1) x ( 0 .. 9) cm. {Fig. 9e) x ( 1. 6) x ( 0. 7) cm. (Fig. 9f) x 0.3 cm . (Fig. 9g) 1.7 x (l.3) ""v 0.5 cm. (Fig. 9h) 35 II. Exotic materials (a) Basalt ·No. 37: A la·cge primary decortication flake is bilaterally unifacially retouched. Both retouched edges are terminated by a transverse break. straightr steeply retouched shows minute utilization scarsr while the less steep convex edge bears several e util ation scars on the ventral surface and a light po sh on parts of the dorsal edge. The following four artif~cts are all of a similar basalt and were found together with a basalt formed uniface (Fig. 5). ( No. Shows extensbre composite retouch, with 6: relatively flat flaking shaping the distal lateral edge. The opposite lateral edge is steeply "backed" and bears cortex. No. 2: Shows complete, flat, ventral retouch. A single broad flake, almost the full length of the lateral edge has thinned the dorsal surface, while' . . the corresponding ventral edge shows secondary marginal retouch and utilization. The opposite lateral edge is "backed" with cortex. No. 4: ·Based· on a flake with a concave ventral surface. A naturally steep distal end shows some retouch and extensive utilization. A lateral edge 36 ( also shows utilization but no attempt at regularization. No. 5: The proximal portion o:E a lateral edge is steeply retouched, forming a long., straight edge. TABLE VIII Marginal Retouch, Basalt Artifact No. 37 6 Dimensions (7.6) X (7.1) Notes X 1.5 cm. 4.5 X 2.4 X 0.7 cm. (Fj_g. (Fig. 9j) also (F v £, 2.5 ,, 0.8 cm. v 2 ( 3. 8) 4 4.3 x 2.5 5 4.5 x 2.9 x 0.9 cm. 9i) • 5) (Fig. 9k) also (F - 5) x l . 0 cm .. (Fig. 91) (f'ig. 9m) also f '\_ (Fig. 5) (b) Gold chalcedony No. 24: A flake fragment shows portions of two unifacially retouched edges. No. 20: One surface of this flake fragment shows a convex edge with retouch. con~inuous unifacial marginal The same edge on the other surface is discontinuously retouched, forming various unifacial and bifacial areas, all minute step flaking No. 25: which shrnv (utilization) . A parallel sided blade-like flake is bilaterally un:ifacially reto~ched. 37 ( No. 21: A bilaterally, alternately (unifacially) retouched flake. The straight edges con-verge to the fragmented distal end. The original length can reasonably be estimated at 3.2 cm. TABLE IX Marginal Retouch, Gold Chalc Artifact No.· Dimensions Notes 24 ( 1. 9) x (L 6) x 0.3 cm. 20 (2.2) v A 25 ( 3 • 0) v "' 1.6 x 0.3 cm. 21 { 2. 7) x 2.1 x 0.3 cm. ( c) ( 1. 4) x 0.3 cm. • 9 n) (Fig. 9o) {F 9q) .(J? .. Crear-ny white chert No. 48: (Fig. 9r) (2.3) X (1.4) X 0.4 cm. This specimen is symmetrical in outline and appears to be the tip of a larger tool, fragmented by a .oblique· break. The· edges are well formed by steep, continuous unifacial retouch on the ventral edge margi~s- A small portion of the short edge shows some (b.:j_facia1).Tetouch on the dorsal surface below the tip, extending to the break. The longer side is unretouched on the dorsal surface and has similar wear patterns to other unif acial edge artifacts: (d} Red-orange chalcedony No. 33: (Fig. 9s) 2.0 X 1.8 X 0.4 cm. An araor- 38 phous flake bears extensive compos.ite (ventral) retouch extending over.most of the surface_ Continuous unifacial retouch on the dorsal surface has produced a variety of bifac l and Lmifacial edges, all showing utilization of various kinds. ( c.:) R2d- brown chalcedony No. 16: (I~ig. 9-t) (2 .. l) X (2 . 8) X (0.8 cm) .. 1·he dorsal surface of this fragment shows cortex remaining on one 'I'be other edge retouched with large, broad sca~s, abruptly and curves to the cortical edge forming a "beak" at the juncture. The ventral surface is completely ess:::;:nti3.lly flat flaking. A large " fracture has removed most of the dorsal with cortex. Both the cortical edge and the "beak" clearly show utilization. ( f) "Silicified sedimentary". No. 41: (Fig. 9u) (4.4) X (3.6) X 0.8 cm. This artifact has flat, parallel dorsal and ventral surfaces and is quadrilateral is cross-~ection. The material shows several plate-like fractures. li.. small (1.2 cm) portion of one edge is abruptly unifacially retouched forming an edge which is. convex in~outline. This edge is terminated by a sharp transverse break which may however be the "original" edge since the edges· break naturally at 39 right angles to the surface. ( The retouching is well executed. (g) Siltstone No. 72: ( F i SJ • 9v ) (3 • 8) X (3 • 8 ) X Ci • 5 en . flake has seve.cal fragmented edges. A l aJ_-g e Very sl continuous (unifacial?) retouch is present on the whole s of the distal and lateral edges. material is very light for its size. have a polish traces of retouch. ( The Both surfaces has almost obliterated all 40 ( a b c d FIG. '10. laneous Artifacts large felsite flake; b, crushed and battered TVC artifact; c, retouched, irregular, blocky flake, red-brown chert; d, e, irregular £lakes, brown siltstone. A tan chert blade, No. 10, is not illustrated. a, ( M.is ( MISCELLANEOUS J1.RTIFACTS All artifacts in this category ::irC! somewhat anomalous a.nd warcan-C special mention. (a) Felsite No. 3 8: (Fig. lOa) 6.3 X 6.8 X 2.4 cm. A large, thi:::::k flake with some cortex r;:~rnaining on the distal end. The dorsal surface is covered with large flake scars, the ventral surface is unmodified. Both lateral edges show utilization. (b) TVC No. 29: (Fig. lOb) 2.3 X (2.7) This X 0.7 cm. roughly square speciment is almost completely flaked and shows extensive crushing on two "wedge" shaped edges. One opposing edge is a transverse break, the other bears ciortical surface and presents a battered appearance. (c) Red brown chert No. 39: (Fig. lOc) 4.8 x 4.7 x 1.6 cm. A large, irregular blocky specimen which does not appear to be entirely the result of intentional chipping. smooth surfaces are the same red-brown colour. Rough and A convex end and a slightly· convex edge bear limited abrupt unifacial retouch and are dark grey-red in (_ 41 42 colour, contrasting with the unretouched surfaces. (d) Brown siltstone No. 4 3: (F lOd) 4.6 X 3.7 X 0.7 cm. :No. 42: (£' lOe) 5.2 X 4.7 X 1.0 cm. Two large "flakes" are similar, lackinc.r striking platforms or conchoidal ripple marks on the ventral Both have pock marked dorsal surfaces and are possibly thermal spalls. Several are present and show utilization to va.rying (e) 'l1an c;hert l'Jo. J.O: corr.plete ( es, and possibly retouch on No. 42. (nnt illustrated) .2.9 X 1.3 X 0.3 cm. This a blade, having a width to length ratio of .23 (White 1963: 8). The lateral edges are slightly expanding and a single straight arris is present on _the (dorsal) surface. utilized. Both blade edges are ( TABLE X Distribution of Artifacts by Material Type Art if act Class T'JC Exotic Haterial 'l'otal Utilized flakes 31 19 50 -"¢" ~ ~· 0 ll1 Bi faces 9 1 10 Formed unif aces 0 4 4 ·Marginal retouch 8 14 22 M.iscellaneous 1 5 6 Total 63 43 106 ( ( :.. 14 Cores and byproducts 43 CONCLUSIONS Because of the sample limitations, no firm ions are drawn from the data, however several advanced . The site, because of location, would seem to t.a-=.7 e been occupied in the ~·:armer months of the year i 1 for the purpose of exploiting the quarry sites. presence of tools made of exotic lithic materials and re:s.dy supply of ·water suggest that D1Pu7 represents raore t.han a ·workshop, possibly a ca:i:lpsi te. It is recorn:me:::i.ded that Top of the World Provincial ( Park be fully surveyed a~d systematically collected b that the sites be mapped and park use causes destruction. 44 I \ REFERENCES CITED 3infordr L. R., Papworth, M. L. (1963). "The Eastport Site Antrim County, Michigan". In "i'1iscelL:ineous s in Typology and Classif ion", lrnthropoloqical Papers, Museum of Anthropology, Universi of Michigan, l9:73-107. Ann Arbor. (196lb). "Typologie du Paleolithique Ancien et 1, I)ublicatior1s cle Ins ti te:t d:2 s-t:~ire de.-:: :r_J f Uni""Iersi tG Bordeat1>:. l'l. i)a translation, raimeograph. 1-24. Copy from the. Arc~1ueological Sites I:i.dvisory Board, Victoria. 3ordesr 1' 1::::.:ro.oire i'Jo.. •? Brew, J .. 0. 1 "'l'he Use c::md Abuse of Ti.J.Xonomy". "Man Is Imprint the Past" tle, Brown and Co., 73-107. Boston. (1971). Deetz; ,J. L . r \.-n2.m:...1e.r. 1 a.in ,..,, 1..._. A. :4..cl\J'C.flCC-!l'::l.~}·~:: F. (1892). of Sc Meeting, 549-615. ( In (ed.) r "J:<.eport on the 1-::ootenay ish 1-\s cer R.8port of t:}1e f.-)i:...: London. Choquette, W. (1973). British Columbia Archaeological Site Survey Form, D1Pu7. Copy from the British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria. Crabtree, D. E. {1967) ~ "Notes on Experiments in Flin.tk- · napping:3 'I'he Flintknapperr s Raw Materials". Teb~a, 7(1): 8-25. Pocatello. Deetz / J. (ed.) (1971) . "Man's Imprint fr.om the Past". Brown and Co~ Boston. Little~ Gardin, J. c. (1958). uFour codes for the description of artifacts: an essay in archaeological technique and theory". American Anthropologist, 60: .335-357. ~eddie, G. (1971). British Columbia Archaeological Site Survey Form, DlPul. Copy from the British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria. ?·1itchell, D. IL (1971). "Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia area, a naturill region and culture types". Syesis, 4(1). Victoria. ( 45 46 Reeves, B. (1970). "Working Papers in the Metric and Non Metric Description and Classification of Chipped Stone Tools". 3rd edition, mimeograph. Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary. ( Sackett, J. R. (1966) _ "Quantitative Analysis of Upper Palaeolithic Stone 'J-1ools". 68 (2) (2): 356-394. Seraenov, S. ]',.. (1964) _ l-illlerican Ant:hropolog ist, "Prehistoric Techno}_ogy". Cory, Adams, Mackay Ltd. London. te, A. M. (1963). "Analytic Des the Stone Industry from Snyders Site, Calhoun Coun , Illinois". In "Miscellaneous Studies in Typologj and Classification", lmthropological Papers, MusE::'Srrt of Anthropology, Univers of Michigan, 19:4 69. Ann Arbor. ( .- ( ,, ~--· ..::4.\1,L:,. th~ ~ourc~s of, or belei ( :::oc iol ~ _......, ( ~' "'\<~....-. .,_.. ,.;...v anthYG?Ology, olo gic Le~ ts ~sycholo ~ etc. ......... ..,.....,(" -~T "'! .,,..,.., .J·:::. ~~"..&...0.::..-..i...... a.; ~ ~, .; ...,.. . .;..::; ~- ... e is the ~t~n~t~ra, ho~ o icient en ~rs ier~ir~ structur~l ,J,. ,_,,.,. nee formul~~ b.0\'1 of e~rtn-deGdricr- td _to 2.hi.:fti pithou:::e. 3. ( a•pithou~e detericrate, ho~ toes uctivi e.ffec:t the consolidation of the t:urrounding soil, v1here i,s·soil likely to be built up or taken away. how does co2laf~e ho~ and reluticn to does the origin~l stractur~l collapsed.pithou~~ settle~ rel a. te to th te fore and after c ollap2e? ( ~ rithouse gtruct~re neke•tp? how do poeitionE of objecte SCh3DUL~ ( c~Te ~~rvey to ~re~ ths cloee er in er Occ to tion of tne pithausa. :.C:J.e o:f n~tive c a_ pithoaee t~e ender pl&~ed tje oc~urred ne~ ye~r ~ith th~ at ~ aiven~ point coinciiing ~itn of co ~ ( lasted t~st occup~ticn ~ill be attempted. the mid~le Th~t being of three months duraticn begining of No~embar. ) . bandon'"'.i.ent of th-3 pi thouse. occ tion the st~ . te:r:.en t pithou~e ~ill be vacated. er trte ±·u11 term of At this point it ~ill either be left to the elements or barned down. Excavaticn cf housepit. in ;;,hich the collapsed. p5:thou. se has been al.10 1;,ed to .settle ar,d b deco~po~ition. ( the re~ainin~ honee~it will be exca~at in ~s of v 1n iutur~ ~n~lysis. Efio~ts ~ill bs ~~de Et _ control 2ituaticn natura will be reco e records the na~e o~ test~ will be unaer of the reacriar. e is cha~ge b~t ~ill be ~upervised unti believed canret~nt. ( \':i 11 he to ch:::in te~ts over re~etative tasks. Subsidiary v-,,ill be tested as fully as rossi ble,, 1J:lt 1' believed Vieakne£Ees in tee tin:;- si t~t.:t ti one v.:ill l1e stated.. If thie riill not explain the entire c.apubili ty ·of the test it \iill at least explain the bia.s. l:Iost llow from ethnographic sources. will be e:-:.plc.ined 8.ccordinf: to tne source arni the change~ from the i::ou.rce. inforsation on reso~rces In order to provide c:o:c:ci :::e l~ble ~ note ~!ll be me.de of the su.rro11ndi11g envirorrr.e:nt (soils,. flcra., fauna, etc.) Constr".rct\o:i oi pi thou:::e vdll be "'l>-'i"' '"""\"""". 1'."Trt ~ .. l.\ ·J...:.d.\. ~.":10nnt of smoke in in~arior. to ~..see · ( . there is c1ny ad.vantc.:::e to ·nore tht:.n one or i rlli vir.hta.l fire 2. i e... uud mo~T 2 "'CO t:e, effective oceur-.s. ti on c.llo..:, ( ..~ to coll~rse ~~t~rally er dee=: fall:en ::: t.r\.1c t:ire rel=:.i:. te to erect ; ;: true ture} ~ a.:cd roof...:to coi oil,. dist·J.rba::rce of fleer 6.e'!lo~its d:ue to ;;,:e b.:::J.. the most ttc::::un:,te method.. of excc.v~ticn uccu~ul~tion of bCearute d~~~ on these e~ents ilitatea bj tne Rrid work done hefcre ?~o fi~ei QutQm roiUtE Will be ·r •i •' l !.' f e:.:to.olishei ';;;i thin this o~·i,;;i:irw.l grid.. 3:xcav~tio:n ( .1 '-' 3 \·~J.ll the ~l~ce~e~t . of th22e artif~cts ~!ll be ~arr!ai :Jot l :ion possi ir: e to ~ithold ~bou~ ( "·f in the J x·ojec;t,. The prime i~terests of the project :receive 0riority attention. are sec orJ fully a.e~c ri ~'Jed.. 7hose