Mr. and Mrs. Steve Prsdoveinnikoff

A Wedding ceremony on May 3 at the
home of the bride's parents in Slocan Park
united in marriage Natalie Voykin and Steve
Podovennikoff.

Mr. and Mrs. Alex Voykin gave their
daughter in marriage to the son of Mr. and
Mrs. William Podovennikoff of Crescent
Valley.

The bride wore a traditional Doukhobor:
outfit which had belonged to her mother.
Fashioned of nylon lace over satin overlay, it
featured lily-point sleeves, pearl button
fastening and gathered peplum below the
fitted waistline.

—Vogue Portrait Studio Photo by Helmuth

Her headdress was a nylon shawl
embroidered in pink roses, which was
fastenec! with a gold brooch, a gift from her
bridesmaid. She carried a bouquet of red
roses, a.ccented with baby's breath and fern.

Pink and white color decor prevailed
-througshout the Passmore Hall for the
reception. The bride's grandmother, Mary
Voykin, sang a Russian solo, and the groom's
aunt and uncle, Jack and Mary Makortoff,
provided a Russian duet.

Movies and your behavior

True or False

1. Movies have a direct
effect on the attitude, outlook
and behavior of a great many
people.

2. Hero worship of a
movio star or other celebrity
tells a lot about a person,

3. Movies provide a val-
uable release from nervous
tension,

4. For people who in-
dulge in romantic fantasies
suggested by the movies, the
heroine is more important
that the hero,

5. There are some mov-
ies that certain people should
never see.

Answers

1. True. Studies at the
University of North Carolina
have demonstrated that mov-
ies frequently motivate a
viewer to perform acts “re-
lated to those he has seen on
the screen.” .

Furthermore, it is noted
that the movie may increase
for him the importance of the
freedom to do so. Thus,
seeing an actor behave in a
certain way will increase the
viewer's motivation to do
likewise and increase the im-
portance of being able to do
80,

2. True. Studies of such
hero worship, conducted at
the University. of Virginia,
show that “when we choose
or create heroes .. . we tell
one another how we see the
world and what we take to be
the most important things in
our lives. Through our heroes
we announce to one another
who and what we really are.”

The findings show that
when a personage is singled
out for hero worship, he or
she is usually the embodi-
ment of what the individual

atrives to be but manages to
approximate only on those
rare occasions when his “bet-
ter self” is in the ascendancy.

The hero, it is pointed
out, provides a model, some-
times simplifying decision-
making for his admirer by
the auth of a beh

4. True. This was the
conclusion of University of
Alaska studies of hundreds of
male and female undergrad-
uates. Findings: “The movie
heroine seemed more impor-
tant than the hero to res-
pondents of both sexes who

pattern and code offered for
imitation,

Ordinarily, hero worship
does not indicate any mental
or emotional aberration, for
it is noted that “it is possible
for one to make a consider-
able emotional investment in
a hero (or heroine), and even
to endow him with qualities
more fantasized than real,
without making‘any patholo-
gical break with reality.”

3. True. Many movies
serve to transport the viewer
from his personal worries
and letic bling him

reported fe i d
by movie content.”

By way of explanation, it
was observed that love fan-
tasies among males tend to
be direct and, therefore,
involve the opposite sex.
While among women, eroti-
cism ‘may entail an identi-
fication component involving
the heroine in the movies.

5. True. Studies at Cin-
cinnati's General Hospital
payehalric clinic have shown
that i

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people run a risk of con-

torelax and return to his own
problems with a better per-
spective.

University of Toronto
studies show, however, that
this is not true of all movies,
that films depicting strongly
aggressive themes do not
have this effect.

ig what i
term cinema neurosis by at-
tending films which deal
threateningly with areas of
the macabre and occult,

Reactions may include
“classic symptoms of insom-
nia, excitability, hyperacti-
vity, irritability, decreased
appetite and paranoia.”

Graphic description

Not long ago the editors of the Farmers-Stockman
rt in a desolat

printed a picture of a d t

d

in
sandswept field, then offered a prize for the best 100-word
essay on the disastrous effects of land erosion,

A bright Indian lad from Oklahoma bagged the trophy

with this graphic description:

“Picture show white man crazy. Cut down trees. Make
too big teepee. Plow hill, Water wash. Wind blow soil. Grass
gone. Door gone. Squaw gone. Whole place gone to hell. No

pig. No corn. No pony.

“Indian no plow land. Keep grass. Buffalo eat grass.
Indian eat buffalo. Hide make plenty big teepee. Make
moccasin. All time Indian eat. No work. No hitchhike, No ask
relief. No build dam. No give dam. White man heap crazy.”

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Hudsons Bay Company

Jaldies’ mill: the backbone
of early district's economy

In this concluding
installment of the
history of Waldie’s
Sawmill, author Esther
Lang reports’ the

history of wages, the
effect of the flood of :

1948, and about the
night in 1962 when the
sky above Castlegar
turned orange when
Waldie’s Mill burned
to the ground only
three
Celgar

raze if.

Very important to the success of the
Waldie Sawmill were its employees.

Mr. Foxlee began to work for the
Edgewood Lumber Co. in 1910. He
worked for 10 hours a soy and was paid
22% cents an hour. His job as a “planer-
feeder” was not in the higher wage
bracket in relation to all the other jobs.
At this period of time the men worked
hard for their wages, but received only
that. No one had heard of such things as
unemployment insurance, medical
benefits or unionism,

Mr. Foxlee terminated his job at the
sawmill to “go to war" from 1914 to
1918. After the war he returned to this
area and worked his small farm for six
years. By 1926, when Mr. Foxlee began
to work again for the Waldies’ as a
“planer-teeder,” he found the.
working hours each day had been cut to
nine, and that an increase in wages to
about 25 cents per hour had taken place.

* From 1927 to 1947 Mr. Dube was a
truck driver for Waldies’ Mill. He worked
for nine hours a day and received 30
cents per hour for wages. His first truck
was a model-T which he used to deliver
lumber to locat customers. Mr. Dube
maintains that the amount that he and
his fellow-workess_ earned was not
large, but all of the people were of an
equal status — they all had ‘nothin
materially. but they possessed go

ealth, PP and a
community spirit.
(During this period there, was some
bd iP i Y:
but no retirement pension plan. One
man, who at a young age lost a foot ina
sawmilling accident, was given $15 a
month for a compensation pension.

Mr, Makaroff received 25 cents per
hour when he, in.1934, began to work
for the mill as a “slab-chuter.” He was a
young boy, the eldest one of the family.

hetore
eeTore

planned to

weeks
Weeks

His mother was a widow and so he ~

helped to support the family.

. These examples give some idea of
the wages the men received. Each man
was paid according to the type of job
that he did, the experience he had, and
the required skill for the job, In 1932 the
average wages of a mill worker were 32
cents per hour. The year in which a man
worked also made a difference to his
wages, because wages were. gradually
raised. However, the sawyers were
usually the highest paid workers,
followed closely by the sawfilers. These
two jobs required a great amount of skill
as well as responsibility.

The accident rate at. Waldies’ Mill
was usually very low. Safety
precautions, when heeded, saved lives.
Yet some men were not so fortunate.
While logging one day a man was killed

on lessly-t di leas bled
But the Waldies had a great concern for
their men,

Nick Hadikin tells this story:

Night shift was usually the hardest
shift for a young fellow to work. Being
very tired, and in a warm room near a
heat fan, Mr. Hadikin was sleeping
when John Waldie found him. i

ry

LSM SAT aoe Mes npae mene amertomee eee

haduled

About the author:
Esther Lang Is the daughter of
Castl d Mr. and

Mrs. T. Lang.

An SHSS graduate of 1968, Miss
Lang wrote this history of the Waldie
Sawmill as a History 216 term poper at
Selkirk College in 1970. is

She now feaches a grade 6 class at
Ashcroft, In the South Cariboo Schoo!
District. ‘

d.only.at i

tomate iy ¥ f°} ly; and
a severe tongue-lashing, Mr.-Hadikin -~... the firefightars succeeded in their effor-

was shocked, and yet somewhat
amused, when Mr. Waldie calmly told
him that if he wanted to sleep, the lun-
chroom was warm and comfortable, and
much safer than sleeping where a fan
might cut off a hand or a finger if it was
stretched in that direction,

Fires created feelings of excitement
as well as anxiety. In 1913 a worker, Mr.
Capozzi, accidentally kicked over the
coal oil lamp in the planing mill. Flames
leaped up and the building took ona dull
red glow. An alarm was sounded and
cries of “fire, fire’ echoed from the
mountaintops. The workers were called
to haul water, while a hose was being
set up, but in spite of all the efforts the
planing mill was a complete loss.

Mr. Capozzi lost his job im-
mediately, when Mr. Waldie realized
who had caused the fire, but Mr. Capozzi
went on to become a rich man when he
built a winery in the Okanagan,

Again, in 1916, there was a fire at
the mill. The damage was more exten-
sive and more severe because this time
the sawmill building burned down. How
the fire began was never determined,
but the men were called late one night
to investigate the queerly-lighted mill.
Firefighting crews were called.

Photographs courtesy of Corrie
Schafthuizen, author of the yet-to-be-
published The Life and Legends of the
Arrow Lakes Woodworkers. :

Although brave efforts were made
to save the mill, the wood was very dry
and kindled the fire continually. There
was a great struggle to save the planer,
an adjacent building which had been re-

The first 10 years that Mr. Waldie
operated the mill, were often con-
sidered the most difficult. It is not easy
to lose all one has in fires. When the
erection of the new buildings was finally
completed and production again tdking
place, Mr. Waldie decided to install a
‘resaw” to increase production.

By 1928 few shares of the Edgewood
Lumber Co. were owned by: people out-
side of the Waldie family, With the per-
mission of these few outside
shareholders, the name of the mill was
changed from the Edgewood Lumber Co.

to William Waldie and Sons. The mill ©

then became known to the residents of
this area as Waldies’ Mill.
Also by 1928 the ill b

ig was carried out through
most of the 1930's. i

Because the bank in Nelson did not
issue _much money d' the
Depression, the Waldies” initiated a
“slipof paper" system to pay the wages
of their men. When payday came, each
worker was given a piece of paper with
the amount of his wages written on it.
This could be taken to any of the general.
stores in Castlegar — fEremenko’s,
West's, Plotnikoft's, or Fominoff's —
where the total amount of their pur-
chases were deducted from their wages.

“When ‘wholesale
delivered supplies to fhe local stores the
salesmen would pick up some of the
Waldies’ slips of paper as payment. The
companies represented would then
collect the total amount in lumber from
Waldies’.

But this area was not the only one
which had a depleted money situation.
The whole country suffered from the
Depression. The Waldies’ once sent a
much-needed load of lumber to Alberta
and in return received beef as payment.
This beef was cut up and a certain
amount of money deducted from each of
the Waldies' Mill workers who wanted
the meat.

Mr. Foxlee tried to cash his April
cheque in September when his wife was
expecting their first child. The bank,

had begun to pick up and the future of
tumbering looked very promising. Then
came 1929, the beginning of the
Depression Years. Nine million board
feet of lumber were piled in the lumber
yard, but none of it could be sold. New
markets would have to be found.

The Depression was hard on the
Waldies’ as well as on all of the men
who worked for them. A large amount
of lumber had been stockpiled and there
appeared no demand for it. This meant
that operations at the mill had to slow
down. If some demand came through,
the Waldies’ called their men to work for
a day'or two a week. This work

Greenchain crew at the Waldie Sawmill in 1938, left to
Ikoff, Mike

right, William St

ff, John St

Sookoroukoff, George

Anutooshkin and Walter Dams

, refused: to cash the cheque.
Walking dejectly out of the bank, and
feeling a great weight on his shoulders,
Mr. Foxlee met Mr. Waldie Sr. who was
just entering the bank, :

Seeing the discouraged look on Mr.
Foxlee's face, Mr. Waldie asked for an
explanation. When Mr. Foxlee’s great
financial problem was finally explained,
Mr. Waldie entered the bank carrying
the cheque. Upon his request, the teller
brought out the money and Mr. Foxlee
was paid in full. Feeling very much
relieved, he stepped out of the bank,
feelinglikea King:

Robert Waldie, when asked if
Watdies’ workers had enough money to
meet their needs during the Depression,
answered that most people had enough
left over to buy yeast to make their own
home brew. Even through the hardships
of the Depression, people found time
and some money to enjoy what little
they had.

The Depression was also a sad time
for most of Waldies’ workers,
when, in 1932, Mr. Waldie Sr. passed on,
Mr. Waldie was highly respected by his
workers, who fondly referred to him as
“The Old Man.”

There was one thing well under-
stood — what he said was law. He was
known to fire a group of men one day,
and to rehire them the next. Mr.
Waldie was known from Vancouver to
Halifax and a revered reputation that
large is something to be proud of.

But even with all this he never felt
too superior to help others. If one could
not afford to buy lumber to build a
house, he would provide it on a loan
basis. If money was your problem, he
would loan it to you. This generosity was
not restricted to his own workers, but to
anyone who he knew to be in need,

When a few residents of Castlegar
wanted to build a community hall for
recreational purposes the lumber was
donated by Mr. Waldie and Waldies’
workers were among those who volun-
tecred to clear the and and erect the

all,

It was a large building containing
kitchen and dance floor facilities. It held
a library, Sunday School and church ser-
vices, and until it was torn down by the
Village of Castlegar in the 1950's it was

companies’

Iled blaze.

an important community center. This
property was bought by the Co-op Tran-
sportation Society who built a business
which still operates today.

During the Depression, when tran-
sients got off the trains at Castlegar, Mr.
Waldie was willing to let them sleep in-
the boiler room and gave them their
meal the next morning. At one time, af-
ter 20 transients had spent the night in
the boiler room, the cook refused to
feed them any lunch. Mr. Waldie fired

’ this cook and undertook the making of

untains of sandwiches for them.

*atory ~“Is"“told: ‘of -two. Scottish
businessmen who, during this time,
travelled through the valley once a year
on the train. Being of a very thrifty
fiature, they refrained from putting out
‘honey on a hotel room by stopping at-
the Waldie Mill. They knew they would

More on page B2