ert ater aera RNs im ioe he ene © etal CASTLEGAR NEWS, August 31, 1980 tT PAVE ohne z De aNRANE ST Ys t Steve Ci _ When to harvest 37 years Jack Trail 33 years Overmature apples may Walter Fields Trall Trail . 32 years By RICHARD D. HALLMAN District Horticulturist Optimum harvest matur- ity may be determined by consideration of such consid- eration factors as flesh color, seed color, ground color of the skin and the number of days from full bloom. Each variety has its own specific maturity index. Apples harvested at the correct stage of maturity will possess the most desirable characteristics in so far as quality and storage life are concerned. Immature apples lack quality, will shrivel in storage, and are more sub- ject to storage scald and bit- ‘NEW IN TOWN? LET US PUT OUT THE MAT FOR YOU! (ag Mest Famees asst the Wee LINDA GREEN 365-6316 M. KENNEDY 365-3590 develop water core before being picked or they may be affected by internal break- down in storage. While pressure-testing can be useful in assessing the storage life potential of ap- ples, it is not a guide to maturity determination. It is highly desirable to avoid mixing apples which have different stages of mat- urity. Since apples of light- crop trees or weak trees will reach harvest maturity be- fore apples on full-crop trees or trees of normal vigor, the fruit on the light-crop trees and weak trees should be harvested first and kept separate from the main crop. Maturity indices of the major apple varieties in British Columbia are listed here: Tydeman’s Red: Flesh color is considered to be the most reliable guide in de- termination of harvest mat- urity of Tydeman'’s Red. Op- timum maturity is indicated when the flesh of the fruit has changed from green to white. Melntosh: Seed color is a reliable maturity index for McIntosh. When the seeds are 80 per cent brown, the variety is usually ready to harvest. Red Delicious: Flesh col- or is the most important index in determination of harvest maturity of most strains of Red Delicious, spur-type strains being the exception. Red Delicious should be picked as soon as the ‘green color has disap- peared from the vascular bundles and the flesh appears clear white when the fruit is cut across. Since the green pigmentation tends to persist in the flesh of fruit of spur-type strains of Red De- PUT YOUR | OUTDOOR SKILLS TO THE TEST! | the mountains? without a compass? Do you enjoy outdoor activities? Can you light a wood fire ona wet sey Can you carry a pack for a weekend hike into Can you follow a compass bearing or find North Gan you read a topographical map? doy? Can you seloct a site for a test which won't be flooded out in a rainstorm? Can you cook a meal on a wood fire using foll wrap? ‘ Can you handle a canoe - including packing, paddling and portaging? Can you identify local flora and fauna including edible plants? Would you like to enjoy more outdoor acti- PS 3 CORCe CCR Geceeccee ccs If you scored 6 or more yes answers, there are Scouts and turers in your community who would like you to be their fea They enjoy all types of outdoor activities but need a perso: ni you to teach them the skills they need. Put your outdoor skills to areal test! Teach them to our youth: If you scored less than 6 yes answers, but an- swered yes to questions #1 and #10, Scouts Canada provides courses designed to help leaders develop these outdoor skills, Contact your local Scout troop or Venturer company or phone Scouts Canade for moi | formation. le down to Corra Linn dam. Jaruary. WEST KOOTENAY POWER NOTICE KOOTENAY LAKE LEVELS As provided for by the I.J.C. Order gover: levels, Kootenay Lake at Queen's Bay will proximately: elevation 1743.3 feet to approximately elevation 1745.0 feet during the month of September. Similar increases in water levels will also occur in the West Arm from Queen's Bay It is presently anticipated that Kootenay Lake at Queen's Bay will be operated in a range from 1744.6 feet to 1745.1 feet from Oc- tober through December with normal drawdown beginning in ning Kootenay Lake As" Castlegar Cominco retirees Trail licious, another maturity in- dex for those strains will have to be determined. It is generally considered that, when grown under identical conditions, fruit of spur-type strains reaches harvest mat- urity at about the same time as or up to one week later than fruit of other strains of Red Delicious. Water core is one dver- riding factor in determina- tion of harvest maturity of Red Delicious. Water core is a physiological disorder that develops in the fruit on the trees, It frequently affects fruit of Red Delicious more severely than fruit of other varieties. Severity of water core is affected by the fol- lowing factors: 1) Advanced maturity of the fruit. 2) High ratio of leaves to fruit, ie., light-crop trees. 8) Hot days followed by cool nights or frosty weather during the immediate pre- harvest period. Water core can seriously affect the storage potential of the fruit. Therefore, if water core appears, it is essential that the fruit be harvested as quickly as possible. Spartan: When fully mature, Spartan apples from trees of vigor will Jake Kaufman 32 years apples LEI ROM Pate Makely Trail 33 years fruit. Also it is important that the fruit ke picked without damage to the fruit spur, the structure upon which the fruit developed and upon which blossom buds will develop for future crops. To pick an apple, it should be held or cradled lightly in the hand, With the hand cupped on the fruit and with an upward and outward motion of the hand the fruit stem will usually break free of the spur. When some of the thin, long-stemmed vari- eties such as Golden Deli- cious are difficult to pick, it is- sometimes necessary to firm- ly place the index finger at the point of attachment of stem and spur to prevent the spur from breaking. The apple should be placed carefully in the pick- ing bag. Dropping the apples into the bag can cause serious bruising and stem punctur- ing. For the same reason, great care should be ex- ercised when transferring the apples from the bag to boxes or bins. Fruit of Me- Intosh and Golden Delicious is particularly sensitive to bruising, and for that reason requires extra special care in handling. Fruit that is wet is more ible to brusing. than have bright-red skin color often extending into the calyx end. The skin will show a waxy bloom that gives the red color. a somewhat purp- lish east. Flesh will be white without obviously greeri vas- cular bundles. Golden Delicious: Skin color is‘the index used in de- terming harvest maturity of Golden Delicious. Golden De- licious color charts, which are available at most packing- houses, are used for this purpose. Winesap: Winesap should be harvested in an av- erage year at 155 to 165 days from full bloom or not later than the time of first signs of water core in well-exposed fruit. : Number of days from full bloom can be used as a guide in determination of harvest maturity, but the indices listed above are considered more reliable under British Columbia conditions. Where growing conditions are favor- able for the variety, the ap- proximate number of days from full bloom to harvest are as follows: Days from Full Bloom Variety ‘Tydeman ‘McIntosh Red Delicious Spartan Golden Delicious Newton Winesap Rome Beauty Only those apples har- dry fruit. Fruit that has been frozen on the trees should not be picked until it has thawed, otherwise severe bruising will result, Quality of fruit that has been only slightly frozen will not be seriously affected, providing the fruit is not touched while frozen. However, the storage life of fruit that has been frozen * probably will be shortened. Apples that have been picked function as_ living organisms, and the ripening or aging process continues within the fruit. Under ideal . handling and storage condi- Syren sea he Phe SETAC HEL AASR OMRON Se eRe R ae eae SCUASAI IE SEL /SlocanRecreation Ly The summer program is i and all ivitt were very successful. The Playground Pro- gram had its final wind up on Aug. 26 with a trip to the Kokanee Park Nature House and Sandspit picnic grounds. This family affair was an joccer commencing its season dur- ing the week of Sept. 15 - 19, Registration forms: will be circulated through the school this week and: The Slocan Valley Youth - Association will be Buivill-Holmes ‘rode away. with first-place’ honors, In other races the Butler family; teamed. up to win both the Senior and Veteran divisions. Jack Tees and his counter- ledged for must be complete by Sept. 8. Parents and all interested d that jonal and an experience for all. With the conclusion of the summer program the fall activities will be commencing during September. Residents . in the Slocan Valley will be receiving recreation newslet- ters this week. A brief outline of the activities is as-follows: judo for youth and adults; the CORE Program — this course is mandatory for hunters over 14 years of age; gymnastics for children and . youth; ballet and modern dance sessions will be given at Winlaw and guitar lessons will start at Slocan Park; For the ladies who want to stay in shape, there will be keep-fit classes every Mon- day at Crescent Valley and Slocan; ballroom dancing, creative dance, modern St. John’s First Aid, fly-tying, Christmas crafts and ski les- sons will also be given. The third Annual Fall Fair, to be held on Sept. 6, will begin with a parade at 10 am, Some of the other events will be the children's races and games, a slow pitch softball tournament, talent show, horseshoe tournament, logger’s events, and many more. The day will finish off with an outdoor dance from 8 p.m. - 12 midnight. Come on out and participate in some of the exciting Fall Fair acti- vities. The prize and award ceremony will be held from 5 p.m. - 6:30 p.m. tions, aging of the fruit can kept to a minimum, thereby maintaining the fruit in a condition that is suitable for a long storage life. Care- less handling can accelerate the aging process and very significantly reduce the stor- age life-potential of the fruit. It is of utmost impor- tance that harvested apples be rushed into storage as quickly as possible, and es- pecially. during periods of warm: weather, to prevent excessive deterioration of fruit quality. If fruit that has been picked is not moved immediately into storage, it should be placed in a shady location and covered with a suitable material to protect it from heat, cold, and rain. WERE MORE THANA ce) NICE PLACE TOEAT - es Come and relax in our'friendly atmosphere and enjoy cuisine at its best. Choose from our popular Oriental Cuisine or delicious Western dishes, WE'RE Mon. to Thurs. - 11 a.m. to 9.p.m. OPEN: Friday - 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. Saturday - 4 p.m. to 11 p.m. Sun. & Holidays - 4 p.m. to 9 p.m. Sunday Smorgasbord are this league can only take place with the support from everyone. Volunteer your time as a coach or referee. A special soccer clinic will take place on Sept. 18 at Slocan. All coaches, referees, players and parents are wel- come, The'clinic will start at 0 a.m. The First Annual Slocan Valley Road Race was held on Aug. 24 at Winlaw. All categories were successful, parts are the time they put in to make this event such a success. The Children's Hour Program, which will be start- ing on Sept. 10, will be held at the South Slocan Anglican Church Hall, All interested parents are asked to pre- rogister their children with Judy Fransen or Pam Ball. ‘The recreation.office will continue to have office hoprs of 8:80 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. If you cannot contact someone dur- ing this period leave a mes- - sage with the answering ser- vice by dialing the recreation * Aservice for . “YOUAND |: YOUR FAMILY”: Matropaiitan -Life's new ser- 5 vice calted, “You end your ; Family” shows how you can ° combine your life insurance, | government social insurance :) benefits and other sssets to ground. Call me today and find out + all about it. ‘ ace JOHN URQUHART 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. ARDENS RESTAURANT = 932 Columblo Ave., Castlegar Phone: 365-7414 vested at should be used for long-term storage. Apple Harvesting When picking apples it is important that care be ea- ercised to avoid injury to the be raised from ap- EVERYBODY NEEDS SOMEBODY SOMETIME ® Looking for part-time employment? © Looking for a specific skill, talent or craft? © Doyou havea marketable skill, talent or craft? , Here are just a few of the skill areas we are looking for people to coordinate — © Baby Sitting Service © Farm Produco Meal Catering Handicrafts © Tree Service © Steno Service © Dessert Catering © House Cleaning © Yard Maintenance & Care House Sitters © Party Clean-up © Hobby Form Information © Birthday Party ideas & Services ® Photo Service (clowns, ponies, etc.) © Driving Help If you have or need any of these Talents — Give usa Call : ONE CALL DOES IT ALL Phone 365-7479 Cail Mon. to Fri. —9a.m. to Sp.m. Ww 5 IRFORMATION SERVICE employment information service with a total of 40 individuals "Umber — 226-7744. participating. Results of the race were as follows: Simon Hellyer won the intermediate cate- gory while Brett Poohachoff captured the Junior division. In the ladies’ division, Judith KOOTENAY CALL FOR FREAESTINATE 362-7654 PEST CONTROL ‘Guoranteed control of structural peste, Carpenter ants, fleos, cockroaches, wospe ond rodenta, li 365-2310 Metropolitan Life : No. 1-326 Silverwood Cres. | Casttega : Where the future isnow = THINKING ABOUT COLLEGE IN THE FALL? David Thompson University Cenire still has openings for full-time degree and diploma ‘students in FINE ARTS - THEATRE MUSIC WRITING LIBERAL ARTS & SCIENCES (Full-time prograimis in Fine Arts arid Perform ig Arts require an interview and an audition or portfolio for admission. Phone 352-2241 for more information.) Part-time studies in Liberal Arts and Sciences (Univer- sity Transfer) are available through both daytime and evening courses: Daytime Courses A 100 - dueti pology i Anthropology 230 - Women, Men and Cultural c r" 7 to ‘Anthro- ange : Art History 100 - History of Western Art 1 Art History 200 - Introduction to Contem- porary Artl :. Audio Visual 100 - Audio Visual Production + Workshop 1 Biology 106 - Principles of Biology 1 Chemistry 122 - General Chemistry 1 Creative Writing 100 - Intraductory Creative Writing 1 Evening Courses / English 110 - College Com- sition po: English 230 - Introduction to the Study of Lan- guage English 391 - Studies in Literature: Satire History 212 - The Indians of North America - Pre-Confederation Mathematics 50 - Prepara- tory College Mathe- matics y 200 - Pr les of English 50 - Preparatory College English English 110 - College Composition English 111 - Introduction to Literature English 200 - Survey of English Literature English 202 - Canadian Literature 1 English 204 - Children’s | Literature 1 130 - College Mathematics 1 Philosophy 110 - Introduc- tion to Philosophy Psychology 100 - Introduc- tory Psychology French 114 - Inter French C tion] 2 Geography 130 - Introduction to Physical Geography | History 104 - Canadian History 1534-1840 History 106 - Western Civilization 1 t y Calculus 100 - Music 100 - Music Theory 1 Music 110 - Music History 1 Physics 102 - Basic Physics } logy} q bol, Psyct 00 - Psychology Psychology 206 - The Personal Context of Bol Ta E Society and the Individual - t=) S$ SP Theatre 100 - Introduction to Theatrical Form Theatre 202 - Modern World Theatre 1 REGISTER: Spanish 102 - Beginner's © For full-time programs and daytime courses on Tuesday, September 2, 8:30 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. © For part-time programs and evening courses Tuesday - Friday, September 2-5, 8:30 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. at... Paternaude Hall David Thompson University Centre 820 Tenth Street, Nelson, B.C. Phone 352-2241 CLASSES BEGIN: Full time programs and daytime courses Wednesday, September 3 Eyening courses — Monday, September 8 By HELEN DUNLOP Access to Waterloo Lan- ding was limited to the steamboats which travelled up and down the Columbia or the “ferry” across the river to West Waterloo. In reality this was not the usual. type of ferry, and in his ar- ticle on the early days Joe -Killough refers to it as a “large, roughly-built rowboat — propelled by several pairs of oars.” He goes on to say the boat was: built on the spot: "The first ferry at Waterloo was a ‘large roughly built rowboat propelled by several pairs of oars.’ It crossed the Columbia River from the vicinity of the D-Bar-D Ranch to the DuMont flat on the west side, where a trail led up the hill." from. available material, probably whip-sawn by hand and was extremely heavy. The ferry service operated from a point near. the D-Bar- ~. D Ranch, where an old road a Leads. down. the:.bank,:,and . crossed the Columbia to the “DuMont flats, thus connec- ting with a trail up the hill‘on the west side of the river. Very little is known about the men who operated the ferry at Waterloo, but a report in the Trail Creek News told of the death of Ferryman €.D. Cannon. The report said Cannon drowned on Aug. 20, 1896 when the small boat in which he was pulling ‘WATERLOO’ .. «now quiet the arrival of the Doukhobors brings new activities. situated directly opposite on the north end of the DuMont flats. “The present road to DuMont Crescent in South Castlegar follows the old ferry road, which was also used by the DuMont family when they lived on the farm by the Columbia. The drift-ferry was the sole means of crossing the river except by rowboat, until the Castlegar ferry went Into service in 1916. After that the Waterloo ferry con- tinued to operate for a number of years, but it was seldom used and eventuall: ceased running altogether. Nick Vereschagen, who is no longer living, is" thought to have been the last of the Waterloo ferrymen. The road from Trail to Robson was going ahead at a record pace with only one or two places giving much trouble or causing delay. One difficult area was along the bluffs at Genelle. Three road camps had been ‘established: one at Rock Creek (shown on today's maps as Hanna Creek although a tributary remains “Little Rock Creek"), another a mile south: of Waterloo called Boomer's Landing in honor of Road Foreman H.H. Boomer, and a third at Blueberry Creek. The Blueberry Creek camp .was primarily set up for a bridge crew anda sawmill was built there to cut bridge . timbers. one 4 Across the Columbia at Waterloo the mines were closing down, the last to operate being the Maude S, which was worked until araund 1904 according to aldtimers. The machinery was left in working order at the Maude S and Hiram Landis was employed as watchman at the mine for several years. It has been sald that Landis took out‘e considerable sum in free gold from surrounding sur- face veins of rich quartz.’ E > With the people gone Waterloo Landing became a ghost town almost overnight. In 1905, the year Marc DuMont arrived to become the first set- tler in West, Waterloo there were only two houses.occupied in the town, These were the homes of Landis and his family, and: Thecdore Berendsen, a native. of Holland who had come to the Kootenays. about 1894. tad A : The ‘Landises moved to the Pass “Creek vallay draund'1908 ‘but Berendsen-~ stayed on at Waterloo until his death in 1927. He was famous in the area for the © quality of fruit grown in his orchards near the old town. Tony Swanson, another of the pioneers, arrived from Wisconsin in 1905 and married Berendsen's niece, who had just come out from the Netherlands, Swanson was a prospector and logger and was employed from 1908 to 1914 as fire ranger for the Munson Timber Com- pany. This American company held a timber licence on about 21 sections, more than 13,000 acres of forest in the east of the Columbia River. away from the “Ni p became entangled in the ship's pasdlestieet There were some ard feelings and recriminations on the part of the Waterloo people who felt the crew of the "Nakusp" had been negligent. After the Doukhobors came in 1908 .they established a drift-ferry, using the river's current to make the crossing. It is believed this project was carried out with government assistance in the form of funds while the residents provided the labor. ‘ The cabletower on the eastern bank was a little down river from the old Lan- dis place, while the west tower was Tony was familiar with most of the Waterloo mines through his work which took him over the hills where the strikes were made. However, all the mines had closed down before he arrived. The Swanson family lived in Waterloo for several yedrs, later moving to Blueberry Creek and there CASTLEGAR NEWS, August 31,1980 About the Author : , devoted much of her time to her his- Helen Dunlop is a descendant of the pioneer Killough family, with a great love for the history of the Castlegar area witch she has called home for all of her e@. Mrs, Dunlop retired a few years ago from her longtime position with School District No. 9, and since then has torical interests. Her history of the former "West Waterloo” (Kinnaird) area, whch started as the mining camp of Waterloo Landing in the .mid-1890's, Is considered the definitive work on the history of South Castlegar qnd the surrounding district. _ Waterloo soon became a ghost town when the mines closed down and the residents moved away. The last mine, the. Maude S, stopped work in 1904 and the owners hired a guard for several years to watch over the equipment left which included stamp-mills, boilers and engines as well as machinery for a sawmill. Because of legal complications over the ownership of the townsites, claimed by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Corbin and Heinze railway interests as well as the Horne-Payne Company, private citizens were unable to own land on which to build. All the buildings constructed were of a temporary nature and have long since disappeared, although they remained standing when the Doukhobors came in 1908, and provided the first homes for the new settlers. This week our story tells of the people who were still living at Waterloo when the Doukhobors arrived to clear the flats and give the land the present name of ‘‘Ootischenia.’’ W.J. Ozeroff has kindly looked up the meaning of the name and we find its definition is ‘calming, or quieting.’’ It must have seemed a peaceful place! son some years ago-she told of the ,. steamboats which passed: her uncle's _ home at Waterloo Landing-and: noted “There was nothing but brush in Kin- « ‘naird (South Castlegar) when I came.” In 1908 the Doukhobor people set- _ tled on the river flats at Waterloo and the old Montgomery townsite. They e@ and p many hundreds of fruit trees in the en- suing years. oe In order to produce crops on the flats they constructed an amazing irrigation system of wood-stave pipe, bringing water from McPhee Creek * which empties into the Kootenay River upstream from the Brilliant Dam. The pipeline came around the base of the igh bluff known as the “Beehive,” and down through the middle of what is now the Sastlssar Golt Course, then out onto the Ootischenia flats. © Although it has long since fallen in- to disrepair, traces of the old waterline can still be found, When the Doukhobors arrived at until 1924, They also lived for a time at Birchbank and when Swanson retired from his position with the lumber com- any he moved to a farm at Ross Spur. In 1958 he and his wife moved to Montrose to live near their daughter, Mrs.. J. Colligan.: s Both Mr. and Mrs. Swanson have passed away since that time. In a conversation with Mrs. Swan- | they were able to make good use of the old Waterlco buildings and the advance party could move right in as there were still stoves and other items: of furniture in them. According to what Pete Kabatoff remembers, there had been 300 wood-cutters living in the vacant houses while they cut cordwood ° for the smelter and other gift to the new settlers, Mr. Kabatoft «said, * : Peter. (the Lordly):Veragin lived in ~ ' the old Landis home, which was also a gift, according to Kabatoff, for about . three years before the large home in Brilliant was built. Near the river bank and close to where the old house stood there are still “The road from Trail to Robson was going ahead at a record pace, with only one or two places giving trouble. or causing delays. One difficult area was. along the Genelle Bluffs.” . but they ha There are. several varieties which likely the hardy Russian mulberry, m. alba, which is commonly used as graf- ting stock. Kabatoff also said with a smile that the berries made good wine, only the birds always got them first! The new settlers on the flats w hard working and industrious people, many obstacles to over- come when they arrived, not the least of these being the Kootenay River which | lay between them and their new homeland. : Oldtimers have told of hair-raising experiences while floating their cattle across the turbulent stream on rafts. Eventually, with government finan- cial assistance, the Doukhobors built the suspension bridge over the Kootenay, completing the task in 1913; The old bridge, which can be seen from the new one, saved the doy many times in the past and was the only connection with some of the mulberry trees planted by. Peter Veregin. Although gnarled and . twisted there was a heavy crop of berries developing when Kabatotf poin- ‘ted out the trees. The berries are but they were moving out as the job was finished. They left the furnishings as a like a long thin blackberry, auile small and pleasant to eat when ripe, INDUSTRY AT BRILLIANT — Grain elevator is at right of picture while the large building in the centre is the Brilliant Jam Factory, or more correclty “Preserving Factory.” This is where the famous K.C. (Kootenay-Columbia) brand of jam was made. The CPR tracks run through foreground and rallway station is at bottom of picture, almost hidden by trees. The large brick house near the riverbank is said to have been the for a time. In the background at right are several D. Kootenay rivers. The Jam Factory, gra were destroyed by fires of mysterious nature. home of Peter Verigin, and was the Brilliant Post Office of the Columbia an 9 the in elavator and other industries tho airport until the Kinncird bridge was’ pleted the Columbia River. At the time the new Brilliant bridge was built there was discussion about whether the old one should be torn down or left standing. Happily, it can still be pointed out as a heritage tan- dmark, and a bit of history from the early days, Continued on Page 82 f