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- people's

TORONTO (CP) — What
makes people happy?

Satisfacton and happiness
are determined mostly by
three gaps that we see in our
lives, says Alex Michalos, a
University of Guelph pro.
fess’ vho surveyed more
than 18,000 undergraduate
students at 65 universities in
41 countries.

There is the gap between
what neople have and what
they want; what they have
and what they think their
neighbors have; and what
they have now and what they
had in the past, the survey
suggests.

What's more, happiness
gaps may sometimes differ
for men and women.

When it comes to happi
ness with life as a whole, men
are influenced primarily by
comparisons to others be.
cause they have been taught
to be more competitive than
women, says Michalos, a
social sciences and _philo
sophy professor.

Women, on the other hand,
don't have as great a desire
to keep up with the Joneses,
he says. They're mainly
influenced by comparisons
“with their own best prev-
ious experience.”

THEORY NOT NEW

Michalos says the Multiple
Discrepancies Theory — that
satisfaction and happiness
are caused by several per.
ceived discrepancies, or gaps
— is not new.

But this is believed to be
the first time survey re.
search has been used to test
the theory in so many coun
tries.

The $45,000 survey, which
began in 1984 at the Uni
versity of Guelph, was fund
ed by the university, the
Social Sciences and Human
ities Research Council, the
Canadian commission for
UNESCO and Michalos him.
self.

Michalos says his ques
tionnaire, translated into 20
languages, was designed to
explain satisfaction in 12
areas: health, finances, fam.
ily relations, job, friendships,
housing, living partner or
spouse, recreation activity,
religion, self-esteem, trans
portation and education.

Michalos says he was sur
prised to discover that
satisfaction with
their mates also had to do
with comparisons with
others.

“People's satisfaction with
a living partner was pri
marily a function of how well
they were doing with their
living partner, compared to
how well they thought their
neighbors were doing,” he
says.

He says happiness comes
partly from achieving realiz-
able goals.

CALGARY (CP) — Years of agony should have taught
him it was a hopeless cause, Still, Steve Moore fought each
migraine until the pressure in his head made him scream.

He'd resist giving in to the pain, putting off the
inevitable trip to the hospital for the drugs that would
relieve his suffering.

It was the worst thing he could have done, says Dr.
Donald Baka).

“This struggle is very tiring and discouraging and
cannot be won,” says Bakal, a psychologist who has studied
chronic headache sufferers for nearly 15 years.

Bakal is convinced that most people are like Moore,
doing the opposite of what they should to alleviate their
suffering.

“They will try to avoid thé pain,” he said, leaning back
in his office at Foothills Hospital in Calgary. “The pain itself
causes these individuals to almost adopt a kind of tightness
within themselves, what we call a bracing kind of response.”

ALWAYS HEADACHE

Moore hasn't had a migraine attack in the year he has
been counselled by Bakal. But Moore still suffers from a
continuous headache; he can't remember for sure, but he
thinks the last time he didn’t have a headache was more than
10 years ago. (Migraine is a specific, severe form of headache
often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light.)

Moore is working with Bakal to try to identify the
reason for the headache — what there is about his
psychological makeup that makes him susceptible to this
problem.

Even people who suffer only the occasional headache
try to push on despite the pain. They don't want to be
wimps, said Bakal.

But that taxes the body, raising tension levels. The
sufferer may make it through that meeting or class or dinner
party, but when he or she eventually relaxes — wham! — the
pent-up pain, heightened by the increased stress, comes on
with a vengeance.

Bakal says that by continually bracing themselves
against pain, chronic headache sufferers can, over time,
develop a constant headache.

SEEK HELP

By the time they consult him, most of Bakal's patients
have spent years in a fruitless search for a physical cause for
the pain — seeing doctors, dentists, physiotherapists,
allergists, neurosurgeons and acupuncturists.

Many have a hard time admitting that they — not their
diet or other factor — might be responsible for their
problems, Bakal says.

“It implies personal responsibility, The majority of
people we see reject the i} ion that their head
are due to stress. They will argue that the stress is the
result of the headache, rather than the reverse.”

Bakal teaches his patients to use relaxation therapy and
bio-feedback — developing an ability to focus on specific
muscles or parts of the body — to sense the headaches
coming and to avert them.

SHOULD RELAX

Bakal urges patients not to fight the pain, but to relax.
Lie town, go for a walk, take a warm bath — whatever
works to give an overcharged system a chance to unwind.

Pain-relievers may be taken, but they should be
combined with an effort to relax — not just used to mask the
symptoms, he says.

Busy professional schedules don't leave much time for
midday baths, so Bakal teaches his patients subtler ways of
relaxing as well. He tells them to learn to detect tension in
their bodies and to work it out — a sort of mental message.

But learning to notice and dispel tension isn't that
simple.

“You can't simply tell someone who's had tightness
within their system for 20, 25 years to relax and all will be
well,” Bakal says. “They will mentally relax, but physically
their system will be as tight as it was before.”

Judith, an executive in her 40s, agrees. A migraine

DISPOSABLE CONTACTS

New lenses here soon

TORONTO (CP) — A dis-
posable contact lens that can
be worn for a week {and then
pitched in the wastebasket
will soon allow Canadian
users to do away with the
regimen of cleaning and
disinfecting.

Acuvue lenses, which
makes Johnson and Johnson
say are the first disposable
contacts on the market, will
soon go on sale in British
Columbia and should be
available across Canada by
the end of the year, says the
product's Canadian distribu
tor.

Sam Nisenboim, president
of Plastic Contact Lens Co.,
said in an interview the
company recommends that
most wearers keep the lenses
in their eyes a maximum of
seven days before discarding
them and replacing them
with a new pair.

However, some people
with low buildup of such
materials as calcium, lipids
and proteins — which are
secreted by tears and coat
the lenses — may be able to
go as long as 14 days before
inserting a new pair, he said.

Conventional extended-
wear lenses must be taken
out at least every seven days

moved and may begin irri-
tating the eyes.

As well, up to 30 per cent
of lens wearers develop sen-
sitivities to the chemicals in
cleaning solutions, and some
are forced to stop using the
lenses, the said.

NEEDS NO CHEMICALS

“By disposing of the
lenses after seven days,
you're creating a solution to
the solution problem,” Nis-
enboim said, adding that they
are ideal for travellers who
will not have to pack bottles
of sterilizing fluids.

Johnson and Johnson,
which spent about $100 mil-
lion developing the dispos-
able lenses, recently an-
nounced their introduction to
Canada.

The lenses, sold in six-
packs, are suitable for about
80 per cent of near-sighted
lens wearers with low astig-
matism, but have not yet
been developed for far-
sighted patients.

Nisenboim said eye spec-
ialists who tested the dis-
posable lenses were initially
concerned that patients
would continue wearing them
long past the recommended
seven to 14 days and might

last two years if well-cared
for.

But Nisenboim said the
disposables have the advant-
age of convenience and eye
safety and health. Some ex-
tended-wear users have de-
veloped infections, ulcerated
corneas and increased blood
vessel growth — causing
red-looking eyes — because
buildup on the lenses has re-
duced the amount of oxygen
available to the cornea.

“That's not a factor with
disposable lenses,” he said.
Dr. Brian Levy, a Toronto
optometrist who has tested
the lenses on patients, said
he believes the disposable
lenses offer improved “ocular
health, safety and conven
jience” over extended-wear
contact lenses.
| BLUE LAKE
SUMMER CAMP
APPLICATIONS

ARE NOW

AVAILABLE

FOR YOUR COPY
PHONE 489-1113
OR WRITE

British Columbia

Forestry Association
P.O. Box 845
Cranbrook, B.C.
VIC as

develop infections or corneal
irritation.

But he said the doctors
reported that few of the
10,000 patients tested did not
follow the prescribed wear.
ing period.

“They're not any more
dangerous than present-day
lenses,” he said. “In three or
four weeks, they would be-
come so coated (without
cleaning), a patient wouldn't
be able to see properly.”

Although they are not in-
tended to be cleaned and
reused, Nisenboim said the
disposables could be ster.
ilized and used again in an
emergency.

COST COMPARABLE

Nisenboim would not give
a price for the lenses, saying
the cost will vary from prac.
titioner to practitioner, but
he estimated it|at about $10 a
week, or about $520 a year.
That would be comparable to
purchasing and paying the
cost of upkeep for a pair of
conventional extended-wear
lenses, he said.

However, when the lenses
were introduced to the U.S.
market last July, ophthal-
mologists pointed out that
extended-wear lenses will

sei. Cast News _o
Experts say avoid headaches

sufferer for years, she consulted -Bakal after experiencing
extensive and prolonged numbness in the face and arms
following a severe migraine.
“I thought if I ignored it, it would just go away,”
explains Judith, who didn't want her real name used.
“My biggest fear was that by thinking about it, | might
turn into a hypochondriac.”

She admits it was difficult to learn to follow Bakal’s

approach.
“At first I found it frustrating,” Judith says, explaining
she feels that way about “anything I can't learn in 10
minutes.”
HOOK TO METER

That's where the bio-feedback comes in. Hooking
patients to a meter that shows the level of muscle activity in,
for example, a forearm, can help teach a person who has
been tense for years the difference between stress and
relaxation.

Bakal acknowledges that doctors now doubt bio-feed.
back can give patients all the self-control that was once
believed,” but “we can still use this equipment to get people
back in touch with their bodies.”

Other doctors use similar techniques, though often with
less emphasis on d g bodily , he says.

He is candid about ‘how much he can do for chronic
sufferers, admitting “we won't make them headache-free.”
But the techniques can “eut down in a major way their
susceptibility as well as the severity of the pain.

“Even if we don't cure them in that magical sense, we
keep giving them hope that they will slowly learn to
self-regulate this problem.”

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to be cleaned, sterilized and
to have enzyme treatments
to remove buildup, he said.
But over time, these deposits
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Multiple choice. Read each ques-
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1. How many Regional Districts
are there in B.C.?

To
T%o

2. How do Aldermen become
Regional District Board members?

appointed by premier

. clected by people

©. appointed by council

d. chosen by mayor

3. How are directors chosen in

420
5. _In the case of directors from
is it always the

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before they are allowed to vote in a
municipal election?

16 with parental consent

b. 21 if they are not a Canadian

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Government awareness week

government

. taxation

d. transfers from other govern-
ments

e. 3.C. Hydro taxation

16. Although the list of electors
(voting list) closes on August 31 of
each year, can a person register and
be allowed to vote on election day?

a only if they are a property
owner

b. no — not ever

¢ not as long as he doesn’t own
Property

4. no

9. How does a person get their
ame on a regional district or
municipal voters list?

a. be on a federal voters’ list

b. be on a provincial voters” lis

©. regisies at your
municipal or regional district office,

d. all of the above

10. How long must a person
reside in B.C. before he can vote in
a municipal or regional district
election’

6 months

b. 12 months

¢. 18 months

. 24 months if they do not own

€. mo — unless they are out of
country on election day

d. yes

17. What are the requirements to
be nominated to run for mayor, al
deman, or regional district direc

"pom Soe prtpariy on aee

b. you must be on the voters list

€ you must be a Canadian
citizen

d. all of the above

Property

Tl. How long must a person
reside im his voting area before
being allowed to vow?

24 months if he does not own

Property

b. 6 months is he does not own
Property . For

€. 30 days if ones spouse is on juniors up to
the vovers list and including
4. 3 months if on the voters list

12 When do the rules of
residency not apply?

1 if you have voted in a previous
election

b. when you are a non-resident

¢. iff you vote by absentee ballot

@. if you are married and your
spouse has voted previously

13. Municipalities and regional
districts are responsible to which of

i TEST YOUR

kicks ofi KNOWLEDGE
18. How many readings of a by- OF LOCAL

one Tet Before epson? GOVERNMENT

b.two In this word search

Arse puzzle, all the words are

19, Ase morkeknk: ‘coma activities that may involve
meetings and. regional district local government. To com-
meetings open to the public? plete the puzzle, circle the

words you find. They may

be read forward, backward,
up, down, or diagonally.
When you have circled all
the words from the list, the
remaining letters spell out
every citizen's duty.For
kids from Grade 5
through Grade 8.

‘The words io look for are:

ski hills

television

water systems

arenas

‘economic development

house numbering

ly if you are a propery

owner

d. only if you are on the voters
list

20. Regional Districts were
Creaed ‘0:

& provide services to outlying
areas

b. provide joint services between
municipalities and outlying areas

¢. all of the above

4. none of the above.

swimming pools
untidy premises
cemetary
dyking

grants

insect control
planning
regional park

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EFDYKINGGALLRBS
MIWARYOSRELITRI
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ONASTBILETIVIEL
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COTEEIIREARENAS
EONRENUKCLECTIO
NDAYSGBSIGNINOZ

Local Government Awareness Week
ENT! RY FORM

ehhce at 601 Yona treet in Ne
NAME

ADDRESS oar

TEL. NO.

winners. Mail or drop off

for the
egfonal Dis Diswrie of Central Kootenay

Signature